NONAQUEOUS ELECTROLYTE SECONDARY BATTERY AND METHOD FOR FABRICATING THE SAME ( as amended

ABSTRACT

A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery includes: a positive electrode  4  including a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode mixture layer containing a positive electrode active material and a binder, the positive electrode mixture layer being provided on the positive electrode current collector; a negative electrode  5 ; a porous insulating layer  6  interposed between the positive electrode  4  and the negative electrode  5 ; and a nonaqueous electrolyte. The positive electrode  4  has a tensile extension percentage of equal to or higher than 3.0%. The positive electrode current collector is made of aluminium containing iron. In this manner, the tensile extension percentage of the positive electrode is increased without a decrease in capacity of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery. Accordingly, even when the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery is destroyed by crush, occurrence of short-circuit in the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery can be suppressed.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to nonaqueous electrolyte secondarybatteries and methods for fabricating the batteries, and particularlyrelates to a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery capable ofsuppressing occurrence of short-circuit caused by crush and a method forfabricating such a battery.

BACKGROUND ART

To meet recent demands for use on vehicles in consideration ofenvironmental issues or for employing DC power supplies for large tools,small and lightweight secondary batteries capable of performing rapidcharge and large-current discharge have been required. Examples oftypical batteries satisfying such demands include a nonaqueouselectrolyte secondary battery employing, as a negative electrodematerial, an active material such as lithium metal or a lithium alloy ora lithium intercalation compound in which lithium ions are intercalatedin carbon serving as a host substance (which is herein a substancecapable of intercalating or deintercalating lithium ions), and alsoemploying, as an electrolyte, an aprotic organic solvent in whichlithium salt such as LiClO₄ or LiPF₆ is dissolved.

This nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery generally includes: anegative electrode in which the negative electrode material describedabove is supported on a negative electrode current collector; a positiveelectrode in which a positive electrode active material, e.g., lithiumcobalt composite oxide, electrochemically reacting with lithium ionsreversibly is supported on a positive electrode current collector; and aporous insulating layer carrying an electrolyte thereon and interposedbetween the negative electrode and the positive electrode to preventshort-circuit from occurring between the negative electrode and thepositive electrode.

The positive and negative electrodes formed in the form of sheet or foilare stacked, or wound in a spiral, with the porous insulating layerinterposed therebetween to form a power generating element. This powergenerating element is placed in a battery case made of metal such asstainless steel, iron plated with nickel, or aluminium. Thereafter, theelectrolyte is poured in the battery case, and then a lid is fixed tothe opening end of the battery case to seal the battery case. In thismanner, a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery is fabricated.

Patent Document 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 5-182692.DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION Problems that the Invention is to Solve

In general, occurrence of short-circuit in a nonaqueous electrolytesecondary battery (which may be hereinafter simply referred to as a“battery”) causes large current to flow in the battery, resulting in atemperature rise in the battery. A rapid temperature rise in the batterymight cause excessive heating of the battery. To prevent this,improvement in safety of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery isrequired. In particular, for large-size and high-power nonaqueouselectrolyte secondary batteries, excessive heating is highly likely tooccur and, therefore, improvement in safety is strongly required.

Short-circuit in the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery occurs forsome reasons including destruction of the battery by, for example, crushand entering of a foreign material in the battery. Among them,short-circuit caused by crushing of the battery in a fully-charged stateproduces high energy in the shortest instant, resulting in thatexcessive heating is most likely to occur. Actually, battery destructionmight occur in some applications, and thus the presence of short-circuitcaused by battery crush is an important factor for evaluating thesafety.

In view of this, inventors of this disclosure intensively studied whatcauses short-circuit in a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery whenthe battery is destroyed by crush, to obtain the following finding.

In a situation where a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery iscrushed to be deformed, each of a positive electrode, a negativeelectrode, and a porous insulating layer constituting an electrode groupis subjected to tensile stress and extends according to the deformationof a battery case. When the battery is crushed to a given depth, thepositive electrode having the lowest tensile extension percentage amongthe positive and negative electrodes and the porous insulating layer isbroken first. Then, the broken portion of the positive electrodepenetrates the porous insulating layer, resulting in that the positiveelectrode and the negative electrode are short-circuited. In otherwords, short-circuit occurs in the nonaqueous electrolyte secondarybattery.

Based on the foregoing finding, the inventors concluded that it isnecessary for suppression of short-circuit caused by crush to suppressfirst breakage of the positive electrode and that an increase in tensileextension percentage of the positive electrode is an important factorfor the suppression of the first breakage.

In view of this, the inventors further intensively studied for means forincreasing the tensile extension percentage of the positive electrode,to find that heat treatment performed at a given temperature in a givenperiod of time after rolling can increase the tensile extensionpercentage of the positive electrode.

For heat treatment, disclosed is a technique of, for example, performingheat treatment on a positive electrode or a negative electrode at atemperature higher than the recrystallizing temperature of a binder andlower than the decomposition temperature of the binder before thepositive and negative electrodes are stacked or wound with a porousinsulating layer interposed therebetween, for the purpose of suppressingpeeling of an electrode material from a current collector during thestacking or winding of the electrodes or suppressing a decrease inadhesiveness of the electrode material to the current collector (seePatent Document 1, for example)

In this technique, suppose a current collector based on aluminium suchas JIS 1085 or 1N30 having high purity is used as a positive electrodecurrent collector and, in the case of, for example, a nonaqueouselectrolyte secondary battery employing PVDF as a binder contained in apositive electrode mixture layer (hereinafter, such a battery beingreferred to as a reference battery), the positive electrode is subjectedto heat treatment at a high temperature for a long time after rolling.Then, although the tensile extension percentage of the positiveelectrode can be increased, a new problem, i.e., a decrease in capacityof the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, arises. It should benoted that, in the case of using a current collector based on aluminiumsuch as JIS 3003 containing copper as a positive electrode currentcollector, even subjecting the positive electrode to heat treatmentafter rolling cannot increase the tensile extension percentage of thepositive electrode.

It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to increase thetensile extension percentage of a positive electrode without a decreasein capacity of a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery so thatoccurrence of short-circuit in the battery can be suppressed even upondestruction of the battery by crush.

Means of Solving the Problems

To achieve the object, a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteryaccording to the present invention includes: a positive electrodeincluding a positive electrode current collector and a positiveelectrode mixture layer containing a positive electrode active materialand a binder, the positive electrode mixture layer being provided on thepositive electrode current collector; a negative electrode; a porousinsulating layer interposed between the positive electrode and thenegative electrode; and a nonaqueous electrolyte. The positive electrodehas a tensile extension percentage of equal to or higher than 3.0%. Thepositive electrode current collector is preferably made of aluminiumcontaining iron.

In the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, the tensile extensionpercentage of the positive electrode is increased to 3% or more.Accordingly, even when the battery is destroyed by crush, the positiveelectrode is not broken first, thus suppressing occurrence ofshort-circuit in the battery. As a result, the safety of the battery canbe enhanced.

The use of a current collector made of iron-containing aluminium as thepositive electrode current collector can suppress covering of thepositive electrode active material with a melted binder, thus avoiding adecrease in battery capacity. Therefore, the resultant battery mayexhibit excellent discharge performance.

Preferably, in the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, thenegative electrode has a tensile extension percentage of equal to orhigher than 3.0%, and the porous insulating layer has a tensileextension percentage of equal to or higher than 3.0%.

In the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, the tensile extensionpercentage of the positive electrode is preferably calculated from alength of a sample positive electrode formed out of the positiveelectrode and having a width of 15 mm and a length of 20 mm immediatelybefore the sample positive electrode is broken with one end of thesample positive electrode fixed and the other end of the sample positiveelectrode extended along a longitudinal direction thereof at a speed of20 mm/min, and from a length of the sample positive electrode before thesample positive electrode is extended.

Preferably, in the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, thepositive electrode current collector has a dynamic hardness of equal toor less than 70, and the positive electrode mixture layer has a dynamichardness of equal to or less than 5.

Then, even when a foreign material enters an electrode group, thepositive electrode is easily deformed according to the shape of theforeign material during charge or discharge, thus suppressingpenetration of the foreign material into the separator. As a result, thesafety of the battery can be further enhanced.

Preferably, in the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, measurementof stress on a sample positive electrode whose circumferential surfaceis being pressed at a given speed shows that no inflection point ofstress arises until a gap corresponding to the sample positive electrodecrushed by the pressing reaches 3 mm, inclusive, and the sample positiveelectrode is formed out of the positive electrode, has a circumferenceof 100 mm, and is rolled up in the shape of a single complete circle.The given speed is preferably 10 mm/min

Then, an electrode group can be formed by employing the positiveelectrode for which the sample positive electrode shows an inflectionpoint of stress in a stiffness test with a gap of 3 mm or less.Accordingly, even when the positive electrode becomes thicker, breakageof the positive electrode during formation of the electrode group issuppressed. Thus, the resultant battery has high productivity.

In the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, an amount of ironcontained in the positive electrode current collector is preferably inthe range from 1.20 wt % to 1.70 wt %, both inclusive.

In the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, the binder ispreferably one of poly vinylidene fluoride and a derivative of polyvinylidene fluoride.

In the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, the binder ispreferably a rubber-based binder.

In the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, an amount of the bindercontained in the positive electrode mixture layer is preferably in therange from 3.0 vol % to 6.0 vol %, both inclusive, with respect to 100.0vol % of the positive electrode active material.

In the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, the positive electrodeactive material preferably has an average particle diameter in the rangefrom 5 μm to 20 μm, both inclusive.

To achieve the object described above, a method for fabricating anonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the presentinvention is a method for fabricating a nonaqueous electrolyte secondarybattery including: a positive electrode including a positive electrodecurrent collector and a positive electrode mixture layer containing apositive electrode active material and a binder, the positive electrodemixture layer being provided on the positive electrode currentcollector; a negative electrode; a porous insulating layer interposedbetween the positive electrode and the negative electrode; and anonaqueous electrolyte. The method includes the steps of: (a) preparingthe positive electrode; (b) preparing the negative electrode; (c) eitherwinding or stacking the positive electrode and the negative electrodewith the porous insulating layer interposed therebetween, after steps(a) and (b). In the method, step (a) includes the steps of: (a1) coatingthe positive electrode current collector with positive electrodematerial mixture slurry containing the positive electrode activematerial and the binder, and drying the slurry; (a2) rolling thepositive electrode current collector coated with the dried positiveelectrode material mixture slurry, thereby forming the positiveelectrode having a given thickness; and (a3) performing heat treatmenton the positive electrode at a given temperature, after step (a2). Thepositive electrode current collector is preferably made of aluminiumcontaining iron. In addition, an amount of iron contained in thepositive electrode current collector is preferably in the range from1.20 wt % to 1.70 wt %, both inclusive.

In the method for fabricating a nonaqueous electrolyte secondarybattery, the tensile extension percentage of the positive electrode canbe increased to 3% or more in the heat treatment. In addition, thedynamic hardness of the positive electrode current collector can bereduced to 70 or less and the dynamic hardness of the positive electrodemixture layer can be reduced to 5 or less. Moreover, a sample positiveelectrode showing an inflection point of stress in a stiffness test witha gap of 3 mm or less can be provided.

The use of a current collector made of iron-containing aluminium as apositive electrode current collector can increase the tensile extensionpercentage of the positive electrode to 3% or more even when the heattreatment is performed at a lower temperature for a shorter period oftime. Furthermore, the reductions in temperature and time of the heattreatment suppress covering of the positive electrode active materialwith the binder melted during the heat treatment. Accordingly, adecrease in battery capacity can be avoided.

In the method for fabricating a nonaqueous electrolyte secondarybattery, the given temperature is preferably higher than a softeningtemperature of the positive electrode current collector.

In the method for fabricating a nonaqueous electrolyte secondarybattery, the given temperature is preferably lower than a decompositiontemperature of the binder.

In the method for fabricating a nonaqueous electrolyte secondarybattery, an amount of the binder contained in the positive electrodematerial mixture slurry is preferably in the range from 3.0 vol % to 6.0vol %, both inclusive, with respect to 100.0 vol % of the positiveelectrode active material.

In the method for fabricating a nonaqueous electrolyte secondarybattery, in step (a3), the heat treatment is preferably performed on thepositive electrode at the given temperature with hot air subjected tolow humidity treatment.

Preferably, in the method for fabricating a nonaqueous electrolytesecondary battery, in step (a3), the given temperature is in the rangefrom 250° C. to 350° C., both inclusive, and the heat treatment isperformed in a period of time ranging from 10 seconds to 120 seconds,both inclusive.

Preferably, in the method for fabricating a nonaqueous electrolytesecondary battery, in step (a3), the given temperature is in the rangefrom 220° C. to 250° C., both inclusive, and the heat treatment isperformed in a period of time ranging from 2 minutes to 60 minutes, bothinclusive.

Preferably, in the method for fabricating a nonaqueous electrolytesecondary battery, in step (a3), the given temperature is in the rangefrom 160° C. to 220° C., both inclusive, and the heat treatment isperformed in a period of time ranging from 60 minutes to 600 minutes,both inclusive.

In the method for fabricating a nonaqueous electrolyte secondarybattery, in step (a3), the heat treatment is performed on the positiveelectrode by bringing a heated roll heated at the given temperature intocontact with the positive electrode.

Then, the use of heat treatment with a heated roll allows reduction intime of the heat treatment, as compared to heat treatment with hot air.Accordingly, the productivity can be enhanced.

Preferably, in the method for fabricating a nonaqueous electrolytesecondary battery, in step (a3), the given temperature is 280° C., andthe heat treatment is performed in a period of time equal to or lessthan 10 seconds.

EFFECTS OF THE INVENTION

With a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery and a method forfabricating the battery according to the present invention, heattreatment performed at a low temperature for a short period of timeafter rolling can increase the tensile extension percentage of apositive electrode without a decrease in battery capacity. In addition,the hardness of the positive electrode can be reduced. The increase intensile extension percentage of the positive electrode in this mannercan suppress occurrence of short-circuit caused by crush. Further, thereduction in hardness of the positive electrode can suppress occurrenceof short-circuit caused by entering of a foreign material and alsosuppress breakage of an electrode plate during formation of an electrodegroup. Accordingly, a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery excellentin discharge performance, safety, and productivity can be provided.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a vertical cross-sectional view illustrating a structure of anonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to a first embodimentof the present invention.

FIG. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional view illustrating a structure ofan electrode group.

FIGS. 3( a) through 3(c) are views schematically showing measurement ofa tensile extension percentage.

FIGS. 4( a) and 4(b) are views schematically showing a stiffness test.

FIGS. 5( a) and 5(b) are views showing a foreign material entering test.

DESCRIPTION OF NUMERALS

-   -   1 battery case    -   2 sealing plate    -   3 gasket    -   4 positive electrode    -   4 a positive electrode lead    -   5 negative electrode    -   5 a negative electrode lead    -   6 separator (porous insulating layer)    -   7 a upper insulating plate    -   7 b lower insulating plate    -   8 electrode group    -   4A positive electrode current collector    -   4B positive electrode mixture layer    -   5A negative electrode current collector    -   5B negative electrode mixture layer    -   9 positive electrode of the invention    -   9A positive electrode current collector    -   9B positive electrode mixture layer    -   10 crack    -   11 conventional positive electrode    -   11A positive electrode current collector    -   11B positive electrode mixture layer    -   12 crack    -   13 sample positive electrode    -   13 a overlapping portion    -   14 a upper flat plate    -   14 b lower flat plate    -   15 gap    -   16 a, 16 b inflection point    -   17 nickel plate    -   18 nickel plate    -   19 sample positive electrode    -   20 a upper chuck    -   20 b lower chuck    -   21 base    -   a thickness    -   b length    -   c width    -   A thickness    -   C height

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described withreference to the drawings. The present invention is not limited to thefollowing embodiments.

Embodiment 1

First, inventors of this disclosure examined the aforementioned newproblem (i.e., a decrease in battery capacity) arising in a referencebattery (specifically, a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteryemploying a current collector based on JIS 1085 or 1N30 as a positiveelectrode current collector and PVDF as a binder contained in a positiveelectrode mixture layer), to find that the problem is caused by coveringof the positive electrode active material with the binder melted duringheat treatment performed at a high temperature for a long period of timeafter rolling. However, in the reference battery, when the heattreatment was performed at a lower temperature for a shorter time, thebattery capacity did not decrease, but the tensile extension percentageof the positive electrode could not be increased.

To solve this problem, the inventors further intensively studied for thestructure of a positive electrode capable of increasing its tensileextension percentage even with heat treatment performed at a lowertemperature for a shorter time after rolling, to find that the use of acurrent collector made of iron-containing aluminium (e.g., a currentcollector based on JIS 8000) as a positive electrode current collectorcan sufficiently increase the tensile extension percentage of thepositive electrode even with the heat treatment performed at a lowertemperature for a shorter time.

The increase in tensile extension percentage of the positive electrodeis considered to be achieved because heat treatment performed on thepositive electrode at a temperature higher than the softeningtemperature of the positive electrode current collector and lower thanthe decomposition temperature of the binder causes crystal forming thepositive electrode current collector to grow and become coarse.

The reductions in temperature and time of the heat treatment areconsidered to be achieved because inclusion of iron in the positiveelectrode current collector accelerates the growth of crystal fuming thepositive electrode current collector.

Hereinafter, a lithium ion secondary battery will be described as aspecific example of a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery accordingto a first embodiment of the present invention. A structure of thebattery is described with reference to FIG. 1. FIG. 1 is a verticalcross-sectional view illustrating a structure of the nonaqueouselectrolyte secondary battery of the first embodiment.

As illustrated in FIG. 1, the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteryof this embodiment includes a battery case 1 made of, for example,stainless steel and an electrode group 8 placed in the battery case 1.

An opening 1 a is formed in the upper face of the battery case 1. Asealing plate 2 is crimped to the opening 1 a with a gasket 3 interposedtherebetween, thereby sealing the opening 1 a.

The electrode group 8 includes a positive electrode 4, a negativeelectrode 5, and a porous insulating layer (separator) 6 made of, forexample, polyethylene. The positive electrode 4 and the negativeelectrode 5 are wound in a spiral with the separator 6 interposedtherebetween. An upper insulating plate 7 a is placed on top of theelectrode group 8. A lower insulating plate 7 b is placed on the bottomof the electrode group 8.

One end of a positive electrode lead 4 a made of aluminium is attachedto the positive electrode 4. The other end of the positive electrodelead 4 a is attached to the sealing plate 2 also serving as a positiveelectrode terminal. One end of a negative electrode lead 5 a made ofnickel is attached to the negative electrode 5. The other end of thenegative electrode lead 5 a is connected to the battery case 1 alsoserving as a negative electrode terminal.

A structure of the electrode group 8 of the nonaqueous electrolytesecondary battery of the first embodiment is now described withreference to FIG. 2. FIG. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional viewillustrating the structure of the electrode group 8.

As illustrated in FIG. 2, the positive electrode 4 includes a positiveelectrode current collector 4A and a positive electrode mixture layer4B. The positive electrode current collector 4A is a conductive memberin the shape of a plate, specifically is made of aluminium containingiron. The positive electrode mixture layer 4B is provided on the surfaceof the positive electrode current collector 4A, contains a positiveelectrode active material (e.g., lithium composite oxide), andpreferably contains a binder or a conductive agent in addition to thepositive electrode active material. The tensile extension percentage ofthe positive electrode 4 is 3% or more. In this manner, since thepositive electrode 4 subjected to heat treatment after rolling is usedin this embodiment, the tensile extension percentage of the positiveelectrode 4 is increased to 3% or more.

As illustrated in FIG. 2, the negative electrode 5 includes a negativeelectrode current collector 5A and a negative electrode mixture layer5B. The negative electrode current collector 5A is a conductive memberin the shape of a plate. The negative electrode mixture layer 5B isprovided on the surface of the negative electrode current collector 5A,contains a negative electrode active material, and preferably contains abinder or a conductive agent in addition to the negative electrodeactive material. The tensile extension percentage of the negativeelectrode 5 is 3% or more. In general, the tensile extension percentageof a negative electrode using copper foil as a negative electrodecurrent collector is in the range from 3% to 7%.

As illustrated in FIG. 2, the separator 6 is interposed between thepositive electrode 4 and the negative electrode 5. The tensile extensionpercentage of the separator 6 is 3% or more. In general, the tensileextension percentage of a film separator mainly made of polyethylene isin the range from 8% to 12%.

The positive electrode according to this disclosure is a positiveelectrode in which a current collector of aluminium containing iron isemployed as a positive electrode current collector and which has anincreased tensile extension percentage of 3% or more due to heattreatment performed at a low temperature for a short time after rolling.The use of a current collector made of iron-containing aluminium as apositive electrode current collector in this manner can increase thetensile extension percentage of the positive electrode to 3% or moreeven with heat treatment performed at a lower temperature for a shortertime.

The positive electrode according to this disclosure, i.e., the positiveelectrode subjected to heat treatment after rolling, has a feature 1) ofa tensile extension percentage of 3% or more. In addition, the positiveelectrode of this disclosure has two features 2) and 3) as follows:

2) The dynamic hardness of the positive electrode current collectorconstituting the positive electrode is 70 or less, and the dynamichardness of the positive electrode mixture layer is 5 or less;3) A gap at which an inflection point of stress is observed in astiffness test is 3 mm or less.

Measurement methods A) through C) for the respective features 1) through3) are now described.

A) Measurement of Tensile Extension Percentage

The “tensile extension percentage of a positive electrode” herein ismeasured as follows: First, a positive electrode is cut to have a widthof 15 mm and an effective length (i.e., the length of an effectiveportion) of 20 mm, thereby forming a sample positive electrode 19 asillustrated in FIG. 3( a). Then, one end of the sample positiveelectrode 19 is placed on a lower chuck 20 b supported by a base 21,whereas the other end of the sample positive electrode 19 is placed atan upper chuck 20 a connected to a load mechanism (not shown) via a loadcell (a load converter, not shown, for converting a load into anelectrical signal), thereby holding the sample positive electrode 19.Subsequently, the upper chuck 20 a is moved along the length of thesample positive electrode 19 at a speed of 20 mm/min to extend thesample positive electrode 19. At this time, the length of the samplepositive electrode immediately before the sample positive electrode isbroken is measured. Using the obtained length and the length (i.e., 20mm) before the extension of the sample positive electrode 19, thetensile extension percentage of the positive electrode is calculated.The tensile load on the sample positive electrode 19 is detected frominformation obtained from the load cell.

The definition of the “tensile extension percentage of the positiveelectrode” is now explained with reference to FIGS. 3( b) and (c). FIGS.3( b) and (c) are cross-sectional views schematically illustrating thepositive electrode in the measurement of the tensile extensionpercentage. Specifically, FIG. 3( b) shows the positive electrode ofthis disclosure and FIG. 3( c) shows a conventional positive electrode.

In measuring a positive electrode 9 according to this disclosure, thepositive electrode current collector 9A extends first with fine cracks10 occurring in the positive electrode mixture layer 9B as illustratedin FIG. 3( b) before the positive electrode current collector 9A isfinally broken. In this manner, in the positive electrode 9 of thisdisclosure, a first crack occurs in the positive electrode mixture layer9B and, for a short period of time after the first crack, the positiveelectrode current collector 9A is not broken, and continues to extendwith cracks occurring in the positive electrode mixture layer 9B.

On the other hand, in measuring the tensile extension percentage of aconventional positive electrode (i.e., a positive electrode notsubjected to heat treatment after rolling) 11, not fine cracks (see 10in FIG. 3( b)) but a large crack 12 as shown in FIG. 3( c) occurs in apositive electrode mixture layer 11B, resulting in that a positiveelectrode current collector 11A is broken simultaneously with occurrenceof the crack 12.

B) Measurement of Dynamic Hardness

The “dynamic hardness” herein is measured in the following manner: Anindenter is pressed into the positive electrode under a given testpressure P (mN) so that the indent depth (the depth of penetration) D(μm) at this time can be measured. The obtained indent depth D isintroduced to [Equation 1] below, thereby calculating a dynamic hardnessDH. As the indenter, a Berkovich indenter (i.e., a three-sided pyramidindenter with a ridge angle of) 115° was used in this case.

DH=3.8584×P/D ²  [Equation 1]

As described above, the dynamic hardness herein is hardness calculatedbased on the indent depth of the indenter into a specimen and differsfrom, for example, Vickers hardness and Knoop hardness which are widelyused for measuring the hardness of metals and for other purposes.Specifically, the dynamic hardness herein differs from hardnesscalculated based on the surface area of a bump formed by applying a testpressure to a specimen (e.g., a metal) and then removing the testpressure (where the surface area of the bump is calculated from thediagonal length of the bump).

C) Measurement in Stiffness Test

The “stiffness test” herein is a test in which the circumferentialsurface of a sample positive electrode having a circumference of 100 mmand rolled up in the shape of a single complete circle is pressed at agiven speed. Specifically, a positive electrode is cut to have a widthof 10 mm and a length of 100 mm, and the resultant electrode is rolledup to form a single complete circle with both ends thereof placed on topof each other (see an overlapping portion 13 a in FIG. 4( a)), therebycompleting a sample positive electrode 13 with a circumference of 100mm. Then, as shown in FIG. 4( a), the overlapping portion 13 a of thesample positive electrode 13 is fixed by a fixing jig (not shown) placedon a lower flat plate 14 b, and the sample positive electrode 13 issandwiched between an upper flat plate 14 a and the lower flat plate 14b. Thereafter, the upper flat plate 14 a is moved downward at a speed of10 mm/min, thereby pressing the circumferential surface of the samplepositive electrode 13. At this time, stress applied to the samplepositive electrode 13 is measured, and the position of thedownwardly-moved upper flat plate 14 a at the time (see points 16 a and16 b in FIG. 4( b)) when an inflection point of this stress is observed(i.e., when the sample positive electrode 13 cannot be deformed any moreand is broken) is checked, thereby measuring a gap (i.e., a gapcorresponding to the sample positive electrode 13) 15 between the upperflat plate 14 a and the lower flat plate 14 b. In FIG. 4( b), the solidline indicates the positive electrode of this disclosure (see battery 15in Table 1 below), and the broken line indicates a positive electrode ofa comparative example (see battery 24 in Table 1 below).

The stiffness test is performed in order to create indexes for easinessof deformation of the positive electrode. As the gap at which aninflection point of stress is observed decreases, the positive electrodeis more easily deformed without breakage.

In this embodiment, the following advantages may be obtained.

As described for the feature 1), by increasing the tensile extensionpercentage of the positive electrode to 3% or more, the positiveelectrode is not broken first, and thus, short-circuit is not likely tooccur in the battery even when the battery is destroyed by crush.Accordingly, the safety of the battery can be enhanced. The tensileextension percentages of the negative electrode and the separator alsoneed to be 3% or more as the positive electrode because of the followingreasons: First, a negative electrode having a tensile extensionpercentage less than 3% is broken first upon destruction of the batteryby crush, and thus, short-circuit occurs in the battery even though thetensile extension percentages of the positive electrode and theseparator are 3% or more, for example. Second, a separator having atensile extension percentage less than 3% is broken first upondestruction of the battery by crush, and thus, short-circuit occurs inthe battery even though the tensile extension percentages of thepositive electrode and the negative electrode are 3% or more, forexample. In view of this, the tensile extension percentage of each ofthe negative electrode and the separator is 3% or more in thisembodiment.

In addition, the use of a current collector of iron-containing aluminiumas a positive electrode current collector can increase the tensileextension percentage of the positive electrode to 3% or more even in acase where heat treatment is performed at a lower temperature for ashorter time. The reductions in temperature and time of the heattreatment suppress covering of the positive electrode active materialwith the binder melted during the heat treatment, and thus can avoid adecrease in battery capacity. As a result, a battery exhibitingexcellent discharge performance may be provided.

In a case where a foreign material enters the electrode group of thebattery, expansion or contraction of the positive and negativeelectrodes caused by charge or discharge makes the foreign materialpenetrate the separator during the charge or discharge, andshort-circuit might occur in the battery consequently.

However, since the dynamic hardness of the positive electrode currentcollector is 70 or less and the dynamic hardness of the positiveelectrode mixture layer is 5 or less as described in 2), even in thecase of entering of a foreign material in the electrode group, thepositive electrode is easily deformed according to the shape of theforeign material. Accordingly, penetration of the foreign material canbe suppressed. As a result, the safety of the battery can be furtherenhanced. In this manner, in addition to the advantage of suppression ofshort-circuit caused by crush, the advantage of suppression ofshort-circuit caused by entering of a foreign material can be obtainedin this embodiment. Moreover, the following advantage can be obtained.

Specifically, as described in 3), the electrode group employs a positiveelectrode for which the gap at which an inflection point of stress isobserved in a stiffness test is 3 mm or less. Accordingly, although thepositive electrode may become thick, breakage of the positive electrodeduring formation of the electrode group can be suppressed. As a result,a battery exhibiting high productivity can be provided.

As described above, the positive electrode 4 of this embodiment is apositive electrode which employs, as the positive electrode currentcollector 4A, a current collector of iron-containing aluminium, andwhich has been subjected to heat treatment at a low temperature for ashort time after rolling. The positive electrode 4 has theabove-mentioned features 1), 2), and 3). Accordingly, the nonaqueouselectrolyte secondary battery of this embodiment can exhibit theadvantage of suppression of short-circuit caused by crush, the advantageof suppression of short-circuit caused by entering of a foreignmaterial, and the advantage of suppression of breakage of the electrodeplate during formation of the group, without a decrease in batterycapacity.

The positive electrode 4, the negative electrode 5, the separator 6, anda nonaqueous electrolyte forming the nonaqueous electrolyte secondarybattery of this embodiment are now described in detail.

First, the positive electrode is described in detail.

—Positive Electrode—

A positive electrode current collector 4A and a positive electrodemixture layer 4B constituting the positive electrode 4 are described inorder.

The positive electrode current collector 4A uses a long conductorsubstrate having a porous or non-porous structure. The positiveelectrode current collector 4A is made of iron-containing aluminium. Theiron content in the positive electrode current collector is preferablyin the range from 1.20 wt % (weight %) to 1.70 wt %, both inclusive. Thethickness of the positive electrode current collector 4A is notspecifically limited, but is preferably in the range from 1 μm to 500μm, both inclusive, and more preferably in the range from 10 μm to 20μm, both inclusive. In this manner, the thickness of the positiveelectrode current collector 4A is set in the range described above, thusmaking it possible to reduce the weight of the positive electrode 4while maintaining the strength of the positive electrode 4.

The positive electrode mixture layer 4B preferably contains a binder ora conductive agent, in addition to the positive electrode activematerial.

The positive electrode active material, the binder, and the conductiveagent contained in the positive electrode mixture layer 4B are nowdescribed in order.

<Positive Electrode Active Material>

Examples of the positive electrode active material include LiCoO₂,LiNiO₂, LiMnO₂, LiCoNiO₂, LiCoMO_(z), LiNiMO_(z), LiMn₂O₄, LiMnMO₄,LiMePO₄, Li₂MePO₄F (where M is at least one of Na, Mg, Sc, Y, Mn, Fe,Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Al, Cr, Pb, Sb, and B). In these lithium-containingcompounds, an element may be partially substituted with an element of adifferent type. In addition, the positive electrode active material maybe a positive electrode active material subjected to a surface processusing a metal oxide, a lithium oxide, or a conductive agent, forexample. Examples of this surface process include hydrophobization.

The average particle diameter of the positive electrode active materialis preferably in the range from 5 μm to 20 μm, both inclusive.

If the average particle diameter of the positive electrode activematerial is less than 5 μm, the positive electrode active material isgreatly affected by heat treatment performed on the positive electrode,resulting in a rapid decrease in battery capacity (see battery 20 inTable 1 below). It was confirmed that the battery capacity decreaseswith a decrease in average particle diameter of the positive electrodeactive material (see batteries 20 to 22 in Table 1 below). This isconsidered to be because of the following reasons. Since the surfacearea of the positive electrode active material decreases with a decreasein average particle diameter of the positive electrode active material,the entire surface of the positive electrode active material is morelikely to be covered with the binder melted during heat treatment afterrolling. On the other hand, when the average particle diameter exceeds20 μm, a coating streak is likely to occur during coating of thepositive electrode current collector with positive electrode materialmixture slurry. To prevent this, the average particle diameter of thepositive electrode active material is preferably in the range from 5 μmto 20 μm, both inclusive.

<Binder>

Examples of the binder include poly vinylidene fluoride (PVDF),polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, aramid resin,polyamide, polyimide, polyamide-imide, polyacrylonitrile, polyacrylicacid, polyacrylic acid methyl ester, polyacrylic acid ethyl ester,polyacrylic acid hexyl ester, polymethacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acidmethyl ester, polymethacrylic acid ethyl ester, polymethacrylic acidhexyl ester, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyether,polyether sulphone, hexafluoropolypropylene, styrene-butadiene rubber,and carboxymethyl cellulose. Examples of the binder also include acopolymer of two or more materials selected from the group consisting oftetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene,perfluoroalkylvinylether, vinylidene fluoride, chlorotrifluoroethylene,ethylene, propylene, pentafluoropropylene, fluoromethylvinylether,acrylic acid, and hexadiene, and a mixture of two or more materialsselected from these materials.

Among the above-listed binders, PVDF and a derivative thereof areparticularly chemically stable in a nonaqueous electrolyte secondarybattery, and each sufficiently bonds the positive electrode mixturelayer 4B and the positive electrode current collector 4A together, andalso bonds the positive electrode active material, the binder, and theconductive agent constituting the positive electrode mixture layer 4B.Accordingly, excellent cycle characteristics and high dischargeperformance can be obtained. Thus, PVDF or a derivative thereof ispreferably used as the binder of this disclosure. In addition, PVDF anda derivative thereof are available at low cost and, therefore, arepreferable. To form a positive electrode employing PVDF as a binder,PVDF, for example, may be dissolved in N methylpyrrolidone, or PVDFpowder may be dissolved in positive electrode material mixture slurry,for example, during the formation of the positive electrode.

In addition to PVDF and a derivative thereof, rubber-based binders(e.g., fluorocarbon rubber and acrylic rubber) are preferably used.

In general, rubber-based binders are chemically unstable in a nonaqueouselectrolyte secondary battery as compared to PVDF and a derivativethereof, and are unsatisfactory in terms of cycle characteristics anddischarge performance. However, the use of a rubber-based binder as abinder makes the tensile extension percentage of the positive electrodehigher than that in the case of using PVDF and a derivative thereof as abinder (see batteries 15 to 19 in Table 1 below). Accordingly,short-circuit by crush can be effectively suppressed. Moreover, thedynamic hardness of the positive electrode mixture layer can be lowerthan that in the case of using PVDF and a derivative thereof as a binder(see batteries 15 to 19 in Table 1 below). Accordingly, short-circuitcaused by entering of a foreign material can be effectively suppressed.

<Conductive Agent>

Examples of the conductive agent include graphites such as naturalgraphite and artificial graphite, carbon blacks such as acetylene black(AB), Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, andthermal black, conductive fibers such as carbon fiber and metal fiber,metal powders such as carbon fluoride and aluminium, conductive whiskerssuch as zinc oxide and potassium titanate, conductive metal oxides suchas titanium oxide, and organic conductive materials such as a phenylenederivative.

Then, the negative electrode is described in detail.

—Negative Electrode—

A negative electrode current collector 5A and a negative electrodemixture layer 5B constituting the negative electrode 5 are now describedin order.

As the negative electrode current collector 5A, a long conductivesubstrate having a porous or non-porous structure is used. The negativeelectrode current collector 5A is made of for example, stainless steel,nickel, or copper. The thickness of the negative electrode currentcollector 5A is not specifically limited, but is preferably in the rangefrom 1 μm to 500 μm, both inclusive, and more preferably in the rangefrom 10 μm to 20 μm, both inclusive. In this manner, the thickness ofthe negative electrode current collector 5A is set in the rangedescribed above, thus making it possible to reduce the weight of thenegative electrode 5 while maintaining the strength of the negativeelectrode 5.

The negative electrode mixture layer 5B preferably contains a binder ora conductive agent, in addition to the negative electrode activematerial.

The negative electrode active material contained in the negativeelectrode mixture layer 5B is now described.

<Negative Electrode Active Material>

Examples of the negative electrode active material include metal, metalfiber, a carbon material, oxide, nitride, a silicon compound, a tincompound, and various alloys. Examples of the carbon material includevarious natural graphites, coke, partially-graphitized carbon, carbonfiber, spherical carbon, various artificial graphites, and amorphouscarbon.

Since simple substances such as silicon (Si) and tin (Sn), siliconcompounds, and tin compounds have high capacitance density, it ispreferable to use such materials as the negative electrode activematerial. Examples of the silicon compound include SiO_(x) (where0.05<x<1.95) and a silicon alloy and a silicon solid solution obtainedby substituting part of Si with at least one of the elements selectedfrom the group consisting of B, Mg, Ni, Ti, Mo, Co, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn,Nb, Ta, V, W, Zn, C, N, and Sn. Example of the tin compound includeNi₂Sn₄, Mg₂Sn, SnO_(x) (where 0<x<2), SnO₂, and SnSiO₃. One of theexamples of the negative electrode active material may be used solely ortwo or more of them may be used in combination.

Then, the separator is described in detail.

—Separator—

Examples of the separator 6 interposed between the positive electrode 4and the negative electrode 5 include a microporous thin film, wovenfabric, and nonwoven fabric which have high ion permeability, a givenmechanical strength, and a given insulation property. In particular,polyolefin such as polypropylene or polyethylene is preferably used asthe separator 6. Since polyolefin has high durability and a shutdownfunction, the safety of the lithium ion secondary battery can beenhanced. The thickness of the separator 6 is generally in the rangefrom 10 μm to 300 μm, both inclusive, and preferably in the range from10 μm to 40 μm, both inclusive. The thickness of the separator 6 is morepreferably in the range from 15 μm to 30 μm, both inclusive, and muchmore preferably in the range from 10 μm to 25 μm, both inclusive. In thecase of using a microporous thin film as the separator 6, thismicroporous thin film may be a single-layer film made of a material ofone type, or may be a composite film or a multilayer film made of one ormore types of materials. The porosity of the separator 6 is preferablyin the range from 30% to 70%, both inclusive, and more preferably in therange from 35% to 60%, both inclusive. The porosity herein is the volumeratio of pores to the total volume of the separator.

Then, the nonaqueous electrolyte is described in detail.

—Nonaqueous Electrolyte—

The nonaqueous electrolyte may be a liquid nonaqueous electrolyte, agelled nonaqueous electrolyte, or a solid nonaqueous electrolyte.

The liquid nonaqueous electrolyte (i.e., the nonaqueous electrolyte)contains an electrolyte (e.g., lithium salt) and a nonaqueous solvent inwhich this electrolyte is to be dissolved.

The gelled nonaqueous electrolyte contains an nonaqueous electrolyte anda polymer material supporting the nonaqueous electrolyte. Examples ofthis polymer material include polyvinylidene fluoride,polyacrylonitrile, polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl chloride, polyacrylate,and polyvinylidene fluoride hexafluoropropylene.

The solid nonaqueous electrolyte contains a solid polymer electrolyte.

The nonaqueous electrolyte is now described in further detail.

As a nonaqueous solvent in which an electrolyte is to be dissolved, aknown nonaqueous solvent may be used. The type of this nonaqueoussolvent is not specifically limited, and examples of the nonaqueoussolvent include cyclic carbonate, chain carbonate, and cycliccarboxylate. Cyclic carbonate may be propylene carbonate (PC) orethylene carbonate (EC). Chain carbonate may be diethyl carbonate (DEC),ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC), or dimethyl carbonate (DMC). Cycliccarboxylate may be γ-butyrolactone (GBL) or γ-valerolactone (GVL). Oneof the examples of the nonaqueous solvent may be used solely or two ormore of them may be used in combination.

Examples of the electrolyte to be dissolved in the nonaqueous solventinclude LiClO₄, LiBF₄, LiPF₆, LiAlCl₄, LiSbF₆, LiSCN, LiCF₃SO₃,LiCF₃CO₂, LiAsF₆, LiB₁₀Cl₁₀, lower aliphatic lithium carboxylate, LiCl,LiBr, LiI, chloroborane lithium, borates, and imidates. Examples of theborates include bis(1,2-benzene diorate(2-)-O,O′)lithium borate,bis(2,3-naphthalene diorate(2-)-O,O′)lithium borate, bis(2,2′-biphenyldiorate(2-)-O,O′)lithium borate, andbis(5-fluoro-2-orate-1-benzenesulfonic acid-O,O′)lithium borate.Examples of the imidates include lithium bistrifluoromethanesulfonimide((CF₃SO₂)₂NLi), lithium trifluoromethanesulfonatenonafluorobutanesulfonimide (LiN(CF₃SO₂)(C₄F₉SO₂)), and lithiumbispentafluoroethanesulfonimide ((C₂F₅SO₂)₂NLi). One of theseelectrolytes may be used solely or two or more of them may be used incombination.

The amount of the electrolyte dissolved in the nonaqueous solvent ispreferably in the range from 0.5 mol/m³ to 2 mol/m³, both inclusive.

The nonaqueous electrolyte may contain an additive which is decomposedon the negative electrode and forms thereon a coating having highlithium ion conductivity to enhance the charge-discharge efficiency, forexample, in addition to the electrolyte and the nonaqueous solvent.Examples of the additive having such a function include vinylenecarbonate (VC), 4-methylvinylene carbonate, 4,5-dimethylvinylenecarbonate, 4-ethylvinylene carbonate, 4,5-diethylvinylene carbonate,4-propylvinylene carbonate, 4,5-dipropylvinylene carbonate,4-phenylvinylene carbonate, 4,5-diphenylvinylene carbonate, vinylethylene carbonate (VEC), and divinyl ethylene carbonate. One of theadditives may be used solely or two or more of them may be used incombination. Among the additives, at least one selected from the groupconsisting of vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, and divinylethylene carbonate is preferable. In the above-listed additives,hydrogen atoms may be partially substituted with fluorine atoms.

The nonaqueous electrolyte may further contain, for example, a knownbenzene derivative which is decomposed during overcharge and forms acoating on the electrode to inactivate the battery, in addition to theelectrolyte and the nonaqueous solvent. The benzene derivative havingsuch a function preferably includes a phenyl group and a cyclic compoundgroup adjacent to the phenyl group. Examples of the benzene derivativeinclude cyclohexylbenzene, biphenyl, and diphenyl ether. Examples of thecyclic compound group included in the benzene derivative include aphenyl group, a cyclic ether group, a cyclic ester group, a cycloalkylgroup, and a phenoxy group. One of the benzene derivatives may be usedsolely or two or more of them may be used in combination. However, thecontent of the benzene derivative is preferably 10 vol % or less of thetotal volume of the nonaqueous solvent.

The structure of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of thisembodiment is not limited to the structure illustrated in FIG. 1. Forexample, the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of this embodimentis not limited to a cylindrical shape as shown in FIG. 1, and may beprism-shaped or a high-power lithium ion secondary battery. Thestructure of the electrode group 8 is not limited to the spiral providedby wounding the positive electrode 4 and the negative electrode 5 withthe separator 6 interposed therebetween (see FIG. 1). Alternatively, thepositive and negative electrodes may be stacked with the separatorinterposed therebetween.

Embodiment 2

Hereinafter, a method for fabricating a lithium ion secondary battery asan example of a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to asecond embodiment of the present invention will be described withreference to FIG. 1.

Methods for forming a positive electrode 4, a negative electrode 5, anda battery are now described in order.

—Method for Forming Positive Electrode—

A positive electrode 4 is formed in the following manner: For example, apositive electrode active material, a binder (which is preferably madeof PVDF or a derivative thereof or a rubber-based binder as describedabove), and a conductive agent are first mixed in a liquid component,thereby preparing positive electrode material mixture slurry. Then, thispositive electrode material mixture slurry is applied onto the surfaceof a positive electrode current collector 4A made of iron-containingaluminium, and is dried. Thereafter, the resultant positive electrodecurrent collector 4A is rolled, thereby forming a positive electrodehaving a given thickness. Subsequently, the positive electrode issubjected to heat treatment at a given temperature for a given period oftime. The given temperature herein is higher than the softeningtemperature of the positive electrode current collector 4A and lowerthan the decomposition temperature of the binder.

The heat treatment performed on the positive electrode is carried out byusing hot air subjected to low humidity treatment at a given temperatureor by bringing a heated roll at a given temperature into contact withthe positive electrode, for example.

The amount of the binder contained in the positive electrode materialmixture slurry is preferably in the range from 3.0 vol % to 6.0 vol %,both inclusive, with respect to 100.0 vol % of the positive electrodeactive material. In other words, the amount of the binder contained inthe positive electrode mixture layer is preferably in the range from 3.0vol % to 6.0 vol %, both inclusive, with respect to 100.0 vol % of thepositive electrode active material.

When the amount of the binder contained in the positive electrodematerial mixture slurry exceeds 6.0 vol %, the battery capacity rapidlydecreases (see batteries 14 and 19 in Table 1 below). It was confirmedthat when the amount of the binder contained in the positive electrodematerial mixture slurry is 3.0 vol % or more, the battery capacitydecreases with an increase in amount of the binder (see batteries 12 to14 and batteries 16 to 19 in Table 1 below). This is considered to bebecause of the following reasons. It is thought that with an increase inamount of the binder contained in the positive electrode materialmixture slurry, the amount of the binder melted during heat treatmentafter rolling increases, and thus, the positive electrode activematerial is more likely to be covered with the melted binder. On theother hand, it was confirmed that when the amount was less than 3 vol %,the positive electrode mixture layer was easily peeled off from thepositive electrode current collector, and thus, large degradation of thebattery performance and a decrease in battery capacity were observed(see batteries 11 and 15 in Table 1 below). Accordingly, the amount ofthe binder contained in the positive electrode material mixture slurryis preferably in the range from 3 vol % to 6 vol %, both inclusive.

In performing heat treatment with hot air on a positive electrodeemploying a current collector made of iron-containing aluminium as apositive electrode current collector and PVDF or a derivative thereof asa binder, the following heat treatment conditions, for example, arepreferable.

A first heat treatment condition is preferably that the giventemperature is in the range from 250° C. to 350° C., both inclusive, andthe heat treatment time is in the range from 10 seconds to 120 seconds,both inclusive, for example.

A second heat treatment condition is preferably that the giventemperature is in the range from 220° C. to 250° C., both inclusive, andthe heat treatment time is in the range from 2 minutes to 60 minutes,both inclusive, for example.

A third heat treatment condition is preferably that the giventemperature is in the range from 160° C. to 220° C., both inclusive, andthe heat treatment time is in the range from 60 minutes to 600 minutes,both inclusive, for example.

In the first through third heat treatment conditions, when the heattreatment time is shorter than the lower limit of the above-mentionedrange (i.e., first heat treatment condition: 10 seconds, second heattreatment condition: 2 minutes, and third heat treatment condition: 60minutes), it is difficult to increase the tensile extension percentageof the positive electrode to 3% or more. On the contrary, when the heattreatment time is longer than the upper limit of the above-mentionedrange (i.e., first heat treatment condition: 120 seconds, second heattreatment condition: 60 minutes, and third heat treatment condition: 600minutes) in the first through third heat treatment conditions, it ispossible to increase the tensile extension percentage of the positiveelectrode to 3% or more, but a larger amount of the binder is meltedduring the heat treatment to cover the positive electrode activematerial. As a result, the battery capacity is likely to decrease.

In the case of performing heat treatment on the positive electrode bybringing a heated roll into contact with the positive electrode, theheat treatment time can be shorter than that in the case of performingheat treatment on the positive electrode with hot air. Accordingly,productivity can be enhanced.

To effectively increase the tensile extension percentage of the positiveelectrode subjected to heat treatment after rolling, the positiveelectrode may employ a positive electrode current collector having arelatively large thickness. Specifically, if a positive electrodecurrent collector with a thickness of 15 μm (which is used forfabricating a commonly-used 18650-size lithium ion secondary battery) isused in forming a positive electrode, it is easy to increase the tensileextension percentage of the positive electrode to 3% or more, but it isrelatively difficult to increase this percentage to 6% or more. On theother hand, if a positive electrode current collector with a thicknessof 30 μm is used in forming a positive electrode, the tensile extensionpercentage of the positive electrode can be increased to as high as 13%.

—Method for Forming Negative Electrode—

A negative electrode 5 is formed in the following manner: For example, anegative electrode active material and a binder are first mixed in aliquid component, thereby preparing negative electrode material mixtureslurry. Then, this negative electrode material mixture slurry is appliedonto the surface of a negative electrode current collector 5A, and isdried. Thereafter, the resultant negative electrode current collector 5Ais rolled up, thereby forming a negative electrode having a giventhickness. After rolling, the negative electrode may be subjected toheat treatment at a given temperature for a given time.

<Method for Fabricating Battery>

A battery is fabricated in the following manner: For example, asillustrated in FIG. 1, an aluminium positive electrode lead 4 a isattached to a positive electrode current collector (see 4A in FIG. 2),and a nickel negative electrode lead 5 a is attached to a negativeelectrode current collector (see 5A in FIG. 2). Then, a positiveelectrode 4 and a negative electrode 5 are wound with a separator 6interposed therebetween, thereby forming an electrode group 8.Thereafter, an upper insulating plate 7 a is placed on the upper end ofthe electrode group 8, and a lower insulating plate 7 b is placed on thelower end of the electrode group 8. Subsequently, the negative electrodelead 5 a is welded to a battery case 1, and the positive electrode lead4 a is welded to a sealing plate 2 including a safety valve operatedwith inner pressure, thereby housing the electrode group 8 in thebattery case 1. Then, a nonaqueous electrolyte is poured in the batterycase 1 under a reduced pressure. Lastly, an opening end of the batterycase 1 is crimped to the sealing plate 2 with a gasket 3 interposedtherebetween, thereby completing a battery.

The method for fabricating a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteryaccording to this embodiment has the following features:

First, heat treatment on the positive electrode is performed afterrolling. This can increase the tensile extension percentage of thepositive electrode to 3% or more. In addition, it is possible to reducethe hardness of the positive electrode (specifically, to reduce thedynamic hardness of the positive electrode current collector to 70 orless and the dynamic hardness of the positive electrode mixture layer to5 or less). It is also possible to obtain a sample positive electrodewhich is not broken until the gap (see 15 in FIG. 4( a)) reaches 3 mm,inclusive, in a stiffness test.

Second, a current collector made of iron-containing aluminium isemployed as the positive electrode current collector.

Third, in the case of employing a rubber-based binder as the binder, itis possible to effectively reduce the tensile extension percentage ofthe positive electrode, while effectively reducing the dynamic hardnessof the positive electrode mixture layer.

It should be noted that heat treatment for increasing the tensileextension percentage of the positive electrode needs to be performedafter rolling. If heat treatment is performed before rolling, thetensile extension percentage of the positive electrode can be increasedduring the heat treatment, but this percentage decreases duringsubsequent rolling. Consequently, the resultant tensile extensionpercentage of the positive electrode cannot be increased.

In this embodiment, heat treatment is performed on the positiveelectrode at a given temperature for a given time after rolling. Thiscan increase the tensile extension percentage of the positive electrodeto 3% or more. Accordingly, even when the battery is destroyed by crush,the positive electrode is not broken first, and thus, short-circuit isnot likely to occur in the battery. As a result, the safety of thebattery can be enhanced.

In addition, the current collector made of iron-containing aluminium isemployed as the positive electrode current collector. Accordingly, it ispossible to increase the tensile extension percentage of the positiveelectrode to 3% or more even with heat treatment performed at a lowertemperature for a shorter time. As a result, no decrease in batterycapacity can be avoided.

Moreover, the dynamic hardness of the positive electrode currentcollector is 70 or less, and the dynamic hardness of the positiveelectrode mixture layer is 5 or less. Accordingly, even with entering ofa foreign material into the electrode group, the positive electrode iseasily deformed according to the shape of the foreign material duringcharge or discharge, thus suppressing penetration of the foreignmaterial into the separator. As a result, the safety of the battery maybe further enhanced.

Furthermore, the electrode group is formed by using the positiveelectrode for which the gap where an inflection point of stress isobserved in a stiffness test is 3 mm or less. Accordingly, breakage ofthe positive electrode in forming the electrode group can be suppressedeven when the positive electrode becomes thicker.

As described above, heat treatment is performed on the positiveelectrode after rolling and before formation of the electrode group inthis embodiment. This can suppress short-circuit caused by crush,short-circuit caused by entering of a foreign material, and breakage ofthe electrode plate in formation of the electrode group without adecrease in battery capacity.

To suppress short-circuit caused by crush, not only the tensileextension percentage of the positive electrode but also the tensileextension percentages of the negative electrode and the separator needto be 3% or more. In general, the separator has a tensile extensionpercentage of 3% or more, whereas the negative electrode does not have atensile extension percentage of 3% or more in some cases, althoughhaving a tensile extension percentage of 3% or more in most cases. Thisembodiment, of course, employs a negative electrode having a tensileextension percentage of 3% or more. To ensure that the tensile extensionpercentage of the negative electrode is 3% or more, heat treatment maybe performed on the negative electrode at a given temperature for agiven time after rolling and before formation of the electrode group informing the negative electrode. Then, the negative electrode has atensile extension percentage of 3% or more without fail.

Although heat treatment performed on the negative electrode is notspecifically described in this embodiment, the inventors intensivelystudied to fined the followings: First, in the case of using copper foilas the negative electrode current collector, heat treatment performed onthe negative electrode at, for example, about 200° C. may increase thetensile extension percentage of the negative electrode. Second, in thecase of using rolled-up copper foil as the negative electrode currentcollector, the tensile extension percentage of the negative electrodemay be effectively increased, as compared to the case of usingelectrolytic copper foil.

Now, Example 1 (batteries 1 to 4), Example 2 (batteries 5 to 7), Example3 (batteries 8 to 10), Example 4 (batteries 11 to 14), Example 5(batteries 15 to 19), Example 6 (batteries 20 to 22), Example 7 (battery23), and Comparative Example (batteries 24 and 25) are specificallydescribed.

For the batteries 1 to 25, positive electrodes exhibiting differentcharacteristics were obtained (see “tensile extension percentage ofpositive electrode”, “dynamic hardness of current collector”, and“dynamic hardness of mixture layer” in Table 1, and “gap in stiffnesstest”).

In addition, for each of the batteries 1 to 25, short-circuit caused bycrush (see “short-circuit depth” in Table 1), electrical performance(see “battery capacity” in Table 1), short-circuit caused by entering ofa foreign material (see “short-circuit number” in Table 1), and breakageof the electrode plate during electrode group formation (see “breakagenumber” in Table 1) were evaluated.

Each of the batteries 1 to 25 employs a separator having a tensileextension percentage of 8% (i.e., 3% or more) and a negative electrodehaving a tensile extension percentage of 5% (i.e., 3% or more).

Example 1

In Example 1, batteries 1 to 4 were fabricated.

Each of the batteries 1 to 4 is characterized in that a currentcollector made of iron-containing aluminium was used as a positiveelectrode current collector, that PVDF was used as a binder, and that apositive electrode subjected to heat treatment with hot air at 280° C.for a given time (specifically, battery 1: 20 seconds, battery 2: 120seconds, battery 3: 180 seconds, and battery 4: 10 seconds) wasemployed.

In this manner, the use of positive electrodes subjected to heattreatment at the same temperature for different times provided differentcharacteristics of the positive electrodes in the batteries 1 to 4.

A method for fabricating a battery 1 is now specifically described.

(Battery 1)

(Formation of Positive Electrode)

First, LiNi_(0.82)Co_(0.15)Al_(0.03)O₂ having an average particlediameter of 10 μm was prepared.

Next, 4.5 vol % of acetylene black as a conductive agent with respect to100.0 vol % of the positive electrode active material, a solution inwhich 4.7 vol % of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a binder withrespect to 100.0 vol % of the positive electrode active material wasdissolved in a N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) solvent, andLiNi_(0.82)Co_(0.15)Al_(0.03)O₂ as the positive electrode activematerial were mixed, thereby obtaining positive electrode materialmixture slurry. This positive electrode material mixture slurry wasapplied onto both surfaces of aluminium foil (A8021H-H18-15RK) producedby NIPPON FOIL MFG CO., LTD. and having a thickness of 15 μm as apositive electrode current collector, and was dried. Thereafter, theresultant positive electrode current collector whose both surfaces werecoated with the dried positive electrode material mixture slurry wasrolled, thereby obtaining a positive electrode plate in the shape of aplate having a thickness of 0.157 mm. This positive electrode plate wasthen subjected to heat treatment at 280° C. for 20 seconds by using hotair subjected to low humidity treatment at −30° C. Subsequently, thepositive electrode plate was cut to have a width of 57 mm and a lengthof 564 mm, thereby obtaining a positive electrode having a thickness of0.157 mm, a width of 57 mm, and a length of 564 mm.

(Formation of Negative Electrode)

First, 100 parts by weight of flake artificial graphite was ground andclassified to have an average particle diameter of about 20 μm.

Then, 3 parts by weight of styrene butadiene rubber as a binder and 100parts by weight of a solution containing 1 wt % of carboxymethylcellulose as a binder were added to 100 parts by weight of flakeartificial graphite as a negative electrode active material, and thesematerials were mixed, thereby preparing negative electrode materialmixture slurry. This negative electrode material mixture slurry was thenapplied onto both surfaces of copper foil with a thickness of 8 μm as anegative electrode current collector, and was dried. Thereafter, theresultant negative electrode current collector whose both surfaces werecoated with the dried negative electrode material mixture slurry wasrolled up, thereby obtaining a negative electrode plate in the shape ofa plate having a thickness of 0.156 mm. This negative electrode platewas subjected to heat treatment with hot air in a nitrogen atmosphere at190° C. for 8 hours. The negative electrode plate was then cut to have awidth of 58.5 mm and a length of 750 mm, thereby obtaining a negativeelectrode having a thickness of 0.156 mm, a width of 58.5 mm, and alength of 750 mm.

(Formation of Nonaqueous Electrolyte)

To a solvent mixture of ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate in thevolume ratio of 1:3 as a nonaqueous solvent, 5 wt % of vinylenecarbonate was added as an additive for increasing the charge/dischargeefficiency of the battery, and LiPF₆ as an electrolyte was dissolved ina mole concentration of 1.4 mol/m³ with respect to the nonaqueoussolvent, thereby obtaining a nonaqueous electrolyte solution.

(Formation of Cylindrical Battery)

First, a positive electrode lead made of aluminium was attached to thepositive electrode current collector, and a negative electrode lead madeof nickel was attached to the negative electrode current collector.Then, the positive electrode and the negative electrode were wound witha polyethylene separator interposed therebetween, thereby forming anelectrode group. Thereafter, an upper insulating plate was placed at theupper end of the electrode group, and a lower insulating plate wasplaced at the bottom end of the electrode group. Subsequently, thenegative electrode lead was welded to a battery case, and the positiveelectrode lead was welded to a sealing plate including a safety valveoperated with inner pressure, thereby housing the electrode group in thebattery case. Then, the nonaqueous electrolyte was poured in the batterycase under reduced pressure. Lastly, an opening end of the battery casewas crimped to the sealing plate with a gasket interposed therebetween.

The battery including the positive electrode subjected to heat treatmentat 280° C. for 20 seconds in the foregoing manner is hereinafterreferred to as the battery 1.

(Battery 2)

A battery 2 was fabricated in the same manner as for the battery 1except for that the positive electrode plate of the battery 2 wassubjected to heat treatment at 280° C. for 120 seconds in (Formation ofPositive Electrode).

(Battery 3)

A battery 3 was fabricated in the same manner as for the battery 1except for that the positive electrode plate of the battery 3 wassubjected to heat treatment at 280° C. for 180 seconds in (Formation ofPositive Electrode).

(Battery 4)

A battery 4 was fabricated in the same manner as for the battery 1except for that the positive electrode plate of the battery 4 wassubjected to heat treatment at 280° C. for 10 seconds in (Formation ofPositive Electrode).

Example 2

In Example 2, batteries 5 to 7 were fabricated.

Each of the batteries 5 to 7 is characterized in that a currentcollector made of iron-containing aluminium was used as a positiveelectrode current collector, that PVDF was used as a binder, and that apositive electrode subjected to heat treatment with hot air at 230° C.for a given time (specifically, battery 5: 15 minutes, battery 6: 1minute, and battery 7: 240 minutes).

(Battery 5)

A battery 5 was fabricated in the same manner as for the battery 1except for that the positive electrode plate of the battery 5 wassubjected to heat treatment at 230° C. for 15 minutes in (Fabrication ofPositive Electrode).

(Battery 6)

A battery 6 was fabricated in the same manner as for the battery 1except for that the positive electrode plate of the battery 6 wassubjected to heat treatment at 230° C. for 1 minute in (Fabrication ofPositive Electrode).

(Battery 7)

A battery 7 was fabricated in the same manner as for the battery 1except for that the positive electrode plate of the battery 7 wassubjected to heat treatment at 230° C. for 240 minutes in (Fabricationof Positive Electrode).

Example 3

In Example 3, batteries 8 to 10 were fabricated.

Each of the batteries 8 to 10 is characterized in that a currentcollector made of iron-containing aluminium was used as a positiveelectrode current collector, that PVDF was used as a binder, and that apositive electrode subjected to heat treatment with hot air at 180° C.for a given time (specifically, battery 8: 60 minutes, battery 9: 180minutes, and battery 10: 1200 minutes).

(Battery 8)

A battery 8 was fabricated in the same manner as for the battery 1except for that the positive electrode plate of the battery 8 wassubjected to heat treatment at 180° C. for 60 minutes in (Fabrication ofPositive Electrode).

(Battery 9)

A battery 9 was fabricated in the same manner as for the battery 1except for that the positive electrode plate of the battery 9 wassubjected to heat treatment at 180° C. for 180 minutes in (Fabricationof Positive Electrode).

(Battery 10)

A battery 10 was fabricated in the same manner as for the battery 1except for that the positive electrode plate of the battery 10 wassubjected to heat treatment at 180° C. for 1200 minutes in (Fabricationof Positive Electrode).

Example 4

In Example 4, batteries 11 to 14 were fabricated.

Each of the batteries 11 to 14 is characterized in that a currentcollector made of iron-containing aluminium was used as a positiveelectrode current collector, that a positive electrode subjected to heattreatment with hot air at 280° C. for 20 seconds was used, and that theamount of a binder (PVDF) contained in the positive electrode differsamong the batteries.

The batteries of this example differ from the battery 1 in that positiveelectrode material mixture slurry in (Fabrication of Positive Electrode)contains 2.5 vol %, 3.0 vol %, 6.0 vol %, or 6.5 vol % of PVDF in thebatteries of this example, but contains 4.7 vol % of PVDF in the battery1, with respect to 100.0 vol % of the positive electrode activematerial.

(Battery 11)

A battery 11 was fabricated in the same manner as for the battery 1except for that positive electrode material mixture slurry containing2.5 vol % of PVDF with respect to 100.0 vol % of the positive electrodeactive material was used in (Fabrication of Positive Electrode).

(Battery 12)

A battery 12 was fabricated in the same manner as for the battery 1except for that positive electrode material mixture slurry containing3.0 vol % of PVDF with respect to 100.0 vol % of the positive electrodeactive material was used in (Fabrication of Positive Electrode).

(Battery 13)

A battery 13 was fabricated in the same manner as for the battery 1except for that positive electrode material mixture slurry containing6.0 vol % of PVDF with respect to 100.0 vol % of the positive electrodeactive material was used in (Fabrication of Positive Electrode).

(Battery 14)

A battery 14 was fabricated in the same manner as for the battery 1except for that positive electrode material mixture slurry containing6.5 vol % of PVDF with respect to 100.0 vol % of the positive electrodeactive material was used in (Fabrication of Positive Electrode).

Example 5

In Example 5, batteries 15 to 19 were fabricated.

Each of the batteries 15 to 19 is characterized in that a currentcollector made of iron-containing aluminium was used as a positiveelectrode current collector, that a positive electrode subjected to heattreatment with hot air at 280° C. for 20 seconds, that a PVDF wasreplaced by a rubber binder (BM500B produced by Zeon Corporation) as abinder, and that the amount of the binder (rubber binder) contained inthe positive electrode differs among the batteries.

(Battery 15)

A battery 15 was fabricated in the same manner as for the battery 1except for that a rubber binder was used instead of PVDF and thatpositive electrode material mixture slurry containing 2.5 vol % of therubber binder with respect to 100.0 vol % of the positive electrodeactive material was used in (Fabrication of Positive Electrode).

(Battery 16)

A battery 16 was fabricated in the same manner as for the battery 1except for that a rubber binder was used instead of PVDF and thatpositive electrode material mixture slurry containing 3.0 vol % of therubber binder with respect to 100.0 vol % of the positive electrodeactive material was used in (Fabrication of Positive Electrode).

(Battery 17)

A battery 17 was fabricated in the same manner as for the battery 1except for that a rubber binder was used instead of PVDF and thatpositive electrode material mixture slurry containing 4.5 vol % of therubber binder with respect to 100.0 vol % of the positive electrodeactive material was used in (Fabrication of Positive Electrode).

(Battery 18)

A battery 18 was fabricated in the same manner as for the battery 1except for that a rubber binder was used instead of PVDF and thatpositive electrode material mixture slurry containing 6.0 vol % of therubber binder with respect to 100.0 vol % of the positive electrodeactive material was used in (Fabrication of Positive Electrode).

(Battery 19)

A battery 19 was fabricated in the same manner as for the battery 1except for that a rubber binder was used instead of PVDF and thatpositive electrode material mixture slurry containing 6.5 vol % of therubber binder with respect to 100.0 vol % of the positive electrodeactive material was used in (Fabrication of Positive Electrode).

Example 6

In Example 6, batteries 20 to 22 were fabricated.

Each of batteries 20 to 22 is characterized in that a current collectormade of iron-containing aluminium was used as a positive electrodecurrent collector, that PVDF was used as a binder, that a positiveelectrode subjected to heat treatment with hot air at 280° C. for 20seconds was used, and that the average particle diameter of a positiveelectrode active material differs among the batteries (specificallybattery 20:1 μm, battery 21: 5 μm, and battery 22: 20 μm).

The batteries of this example differ from the battery 1 in that theaverage particle diameter of the positive electrode active material in(Fabrication of Positive Electrode) is 1 μm, 5 μm, or 20 μm in thebatteries of this example, but is 10 μm in the battery 1.

(Battery 20)

A battery 20 was fabricated in the same manner as for the battery 1except for that a positive electrode active material having an averageparticle diameter of 1 μm was used in (Fabrication of PositiveElectrode).

(Battery 21)

A battery 21 was fabricated in the same manner as for the battery 1except for that a positive electrode active material having an averageparticle diameter of 5 μm was used in (Fabrication of PositiveElectrode).

(Battery 22)

A battery 22 was fabricated in the same manner as for the battery 1except for that a positive electrode active material having an averageparticle diameter of 20 μm was used in (Fabrication of PositiveElectrode).

Example 7

In Example 7, a battery 23 was fabricated.

The battery 23 is characterized in that a current collector made ofiron-containing aluminium was used as a positive electrode currentcollector, that PVDF was used as a binder, and that a positive electrodesubjected to heat treatment performed by using a heated roll, instead ofhot air, after rolling was used.

(Battery 23)

A battery 23 was fabricated in the same manner as for the battery 1except for that the heat treatment performed with hot air at 280° C. for20 seconds was replaced by heat treatment with a heated roll in(Fabrication of Positive Electrode). The heat treatment with a heatedroll is performed by bringing a heated roll at 280° C. into contact withthe surface of the positive electrode plate for 2 seconds. In thismanner, only by setting, at a short time (e.g., 2 seconds), the contacttime (i.e., heat treatment time) during which the surface of thepositive electrode plate is in contact with the heated roll, the surfacetemperature of the positive electrode plate can reach 250° C.

Comparative Example

(Battery 24)

A battery 24 was fabricated in the same manner as for the battery 1except for that no heat treatment was performed on a positive electrodeplate after rolling in (Fabrication of Positive Electrode).

(Battery 25)

A battery 25 was fabricated in the same manner as for the battery 1except for that no heat treatment was performed on a positive electrodeplate after rolling using a rubber binder (BM500B produced by ZeonCorporation), instead of PVDF, as a binder in (Fabrication of PositiveElectrode).

For each of the batteries 1 to 25, characteristics of the positiveelectrode were evaluated. The tensile extension percentage of thepositive electrode, the dynamic hardness of the positive electrodecurrent collector, the dynamic hardness of the positive electrodemixture layer, and a gap in the stiffness test were measured in order toevaluate characteristics of the positive electrode. The measurementswere carried out in the following manner:

<Measurement of Tensile Extension Percentage of Positive Electrode>

First, each of the batteries 1 to 25 was charged to a voltage of 4.25 Vat a constant current of 1.45 A, and was charged to a current of 50 mAat a constant voltage. Then, each of the resultant batteries 1 to 25 wasdisassembled, and a positive electrode was taken out. This positiveelectrode was then cut to have a width of 15 mm and an effective lengthof 20 mm, thereby forming a sample positive electrode. Thereafter, oneend of the sample positive electrode was fixed, and the other end of thesample positive electrode was extended along the longitudinal directionthereof at a speed of 20 mm/min. At this time, the length of the samplepositive electrode immediately before breakage was measured. Using theobtained length and the length (i.e., 20 mm) before the extension of thesample positive electrode, the tensile extension percentage of thepositive electrode was calculated. The tensile extension percentages ofthe positive electrodes of the batteries 1 to 25 are shown in Table 1below.

The tensile extension percentages of the negative electrode and theseparator were also measured in the same manner as for measurement ofthe tensile extension percentage of the positive electrode.

Specifically, in <Measurement of Tensile Extension Percentage ofPositive Electrode>, not only the positive electrode but also thenegative electrode and the separator were taken out from each of thedisassembled batteries 1 to 25 after charge. The negative electrode (orthe separator) was then cut to have a width of 15 mm and an effectivelength of 20 mm. One end of the resultant negative electrode (or theseparator) was fixed, and the other end of the negative electrode (orthe separator) was extended along the longitudinal direction thereof ata speed of 20 mm/min. At this time, the length of the negative electrode(or the separator) immediately before breakage was measured. Using theobtained length and the length (i.e., 20 mm) before the extension of thenegative electrode (or the separator), the tensile extension percentageof the negative electrode (or the separator) was calculated. Althoughthe tensile extension percentages of the negative electrode and theseparator of each of the batteries 1 to 25 are not shown in Table 1, thetensile extension percentage of the negative electrode is 5% and thetensile extension percentage of the separator is 8% in each of thebatteries 1 to 25.

<Measurement of Dynamic Hardness>

First, each of the batteries 1 to 25 was charged to a voltage of 4.25 Vat a constant current of 1.45 A, and was charged to a current of 50 mAat a constant voltage. Then, each of the resultant batteries 1 to 25 wasdisassembled, and a positive electrode was taken out. For this positiveelectrode, the dynamic hardness of the positive electrode currentcollector and the dynamic hardness of the positive electrode mixturelayer were measured with Shimadzu Dynamic Ultra Micro Hardness TesterDUH-W201. The dynamic hardnesses of the current collector and themixture layer of the positive electrode in each of the batteries 1 to 25are shown in Table 1 below.

<Measurement of Stiffness Test>

First, each of the batteries 1 to 25 was charged to a voltage of 4.25 Vat a constant current of 1.45 A, and was charged to a current of 50 mAat a constant voltage. Then, each of the resultant batteries 1 to 25 wasdisassembled, and a positive electrode was taken out. This positiveelectrode was cut to have a width of 10 mm and a length of 100 mm. Theresultant positive electrode was rolled up to form a single completecircle with both ends thereof placed on top of each other, therebyforming a sample positive electrode (see 13 in FIG. 4( a)). Theoverlapping portion (i.e., 13 a in FIG. 4( a)) of the sample positiveelectrode was fixed by a fixing jig placed on a lower flat plate (see 14b in FIG. 4( a)). Then, the sample positive electrode in the shape of acomplete circle in cross section with a circumference of 100 mm wassandwiched between the lower flat plate and an upper flat plate (see 14a in FIG. 4( a)) placed above the lower flat plate. Thereafter, theupper flat plate was moved downward at a speed of 10 mm/min, therebypressing the circumferential surface of the sample positive electrode.At this time, stress on the sample positive electrode varying accordingto the downward movement of the upper flat plate was measured, therebydetecting an inflection point of this stress. Then, the gap (i.e., see15 in FIG. 4( a)) for the sample positive electrode at the time when theinflection point was detected was measured. The “inflection point ofstress” herein means that the sample positive electrode which was beingdeformed by crush according to the movement of the upper flat platecould not be deformed any more and was broken. Results of the stiffnesstests on the positive electrodes of the batteries 1 to 25 are shown inTable 1 below.

The battery capacity was measured for each of the batteries 1 to 25 inthe following manner:

<Measurement of Battery Capacity>

Each of the batteries 1 to 25 was charged to a voltage of 4.2 V at aconstant current of 1.4 A in an atmosphere of 25° C., and was charged toa current of 50 mA at a constant voltage of 4.2 V. Then, the battery wasdischarged to a voltage of 2.5 V at a constant current of 0.56 A, andthe capacity of the battery at this time was measured.

For each of the batteries 1 to 25, a crush test, a foreign materialentering test, and an electrode plate breakage evaluation wereconducted.

<Crush Test>

First, each of the batteries 1 to 25 was charged to a voltage of 4.25 Vat a constant current of 1.45 A, and was charged to a current of 50 mAat a constant voltage. Then, a round bar with a diameter of 6 φ wasbrought into contact with each of the batteries 1 to 25 at a batterytemperature of 30° C., and was moved in the depth direction of thebattery at a speed of 0.1 mm/sec. In this manner, each of the batteries1 to 25 was crushed. The amount of deformation of the battery along thedepth thereof at the time of occurrence of short-circuit in the batterywas measured with a displacement sensor. Results of the crush test oneach of the batteries 1 to 25 are shown in Table 1 below.

<Foreign Substance Entering Test>

First, 20 cells of each of the batteries 1 to 25 were prepared. Then,each of the batteries 1 to 25 was charged to a voltage of 4.25 V at aconstant current of 1.45 A, and was charged to a current of 50 mA at aconstant voltage. Then, the electrode group was taken out from thebattery case. Subsequently, a nickel plate 17 having a thickness of 0.1mm (see a in FIG. 5( a)), a length of 2 mm (see b in FIG. 5( a)), and awidth of 0.2 mm (see c in FIG. 5( a)) was bent at an arbitrary point onthe length of 2 mm, thereby obtaining a nickel plate 18 in the shape ofL in cross section having a thickness of 0.1 mm (see A in FIG. 5( b))and a height of 0.2 mm (see C in FIG. 5( b)). This nickel plate 18 wasinterposed between the positive electrode and the separator atrespective portions thereof closest to the circumference of theelectrode group with the height direction of the nickel plate 18oriented perpendicularly to the surfaces of the positive electrode andthe separator (i.e., the thickness direction of the nickel plate 18being in parallel with the surfaces of the positive electrode and theseparator). This electrode group in which the nickel plate 18 wasinterposed between the positive electrode and the separator was thenplaced in the battery case again. Subsequently, each of the batteries 1to 25 was pressed at a pressure of 800 N/cm². Then, out of the 20 cells,the number of cells showing occurrence of short-circuit was counted foreach of the batteries 1 to 25. Results of the foreign material enteringtest on each of the batteries 1 to 25 are shown in Table 1 below.

<Electrode Plate Breakage Evaluation>

Using a winding core with a diameter of 3 φ, the positive electrode andthe negative electrode were wound with the separator interposedtherebetween with a tension of 1.2 kg applied, thereby preparing 50cells of each of the batteries 1 to 25. In each of the batteries 1 to25, the number of broken positive electrodes among the 50 cells (i.e.,the number of broken positive electrodes per 50 cells) was counted.Results of the electrode plate breakage evaluation on each of thebatteries 1 to 25 are shown in Table 1 below.

The left part of Table 1 shows characteristics of the positive electrodeof each of the batteries 1 to 25 (specifically, “tensile extensionpercentage of positive electrode”, “dynamic hardness of currentcollector”, “dynamic hardness of mixture layer”, and “gap in stiffnesstest”).

The right part of Table 1 shows the “battery capacities” of thebatteries 1 to 25, the crush test results of the batteries 1 to 25 (see“short-circuit depth” in Table 1), the foreign material entering testresults (see “short-circuit number” in Table 1), and the electrode platebreakage evaluation results (see “breakage number” in Table 1).

TABLE 1 TENSILE EXTENSION DYNAMIC DYNAMIC PERCENTAGE HARDNESS HARDNESSGAP IN SHORT- OF POSITIVE OF OF STIFFNESS BATTERY CIRCUIT SHORT-ELECTRODE CURRENT MIXTURE TEST CAPACITY DEPTH CIRCUIT BREAKAGE [%]COLLECTOR LAYER [mm] [Ah] [mm] NUMBER NUMBER BATTERY 1 5.0 60 4.7 2 2.909 1/20 0/50 BATTERY 2 6.0 55 4.6 2 2.85 10 1/20 0/50 BATTERY 3 6.5 534.5 2 2.60 10 1/20 0/50 BATTERY 4 3.0 68 5.0 3 2.90 8 4/20 0/50 BATTERY5 6.0 55 4.6 2 2.90 10 1/20 0/50 BATTERY 6 3.0 65 4.9 3 2.90 8 3/20 0/50BATTERY 7 6.5 55 5.0 2 2.60 10 1/20 0/50 BATTERY 8 3.0 65 4.8 3 2.90 83/20 0/50 BATTERY 9 5.0 56 4.4 2 2.85 9 1/20 0/50 BATTERY 10 6.0 58 4.52 2.60 10 1/20 0/50 BATTERY 11 6.0 55 4.4 2 2.70 10 1/20 0/50 BATTERY 126.0 54 4.6 2 2.90 10 1/20 0/50 BATTERY 13 6.0 52 4.2 2 2.85 10 1/20 0/50BATTERY 14 6.0 53 4.4 2 2.60 10 1/20 0/50 BATTERY 15 6.5 53 1.2 1.5 2.7010 0/20 0/50 BATTERY 16 6.5 52 1.1 1.5 2.90 10 0/20 0/50 BATTERY 17 6.553 1.0 1.5 2.90 10 0/20 0/50 BATTERY 18 6.5 53 0.8 1.5 2.87 10 0/20 0/50BATTERY 19 6.5 58 0.7 1.5 2.65 10 0/20 0/50 BATTERY 20 6.0 56 4.3 2 2.6010 1/20 0/50 BATTERY 21 6.0 56 4.3 2 2.85 10 1/20 0/50 BATTERY 22 6.0 564.3 2 2.90 10 1/20 0/50 BATTERY 23 6.0 56 4.4 2 2.90 10 1/20 0/50BATTERY 24 1.5 92 5.8 5 2.90 5 20/20  35/50  BATTERY 25 1.5 93 1.8 42.90 5 8/20 25/50 

The batteries 1 to 23 of Examples 1 to 7 and the batteries 24 and 25 ofComparative Example are now compared with each other based on Table 1.Each of the batteries 1 to 23 employs a positive electrode subjected toheat treatment after rolling, whereas each of the batteries 24 and 25employs a positive electrode subjected to no heat treatment afterrolling.

Table 1 shows that the tensile extension percentage of the positiveelectrode subjected to heat treatment after rolling is increased to 3%or more. Table 1 also shows that the batteries 1 to 23 employingpositive electrodes whose tensile extension percentages are 3% or morecan suppress short-circuit caused by crush.

In addition, Table 1 shows that in the positive electrode subjected toheat treatment after rolling, the dynamic hardness of the currentcollector is reduced to 70 or less and the dynamic hardness of themixture layer is reduced to 5 or less. Table 1 also shows that thebatteries 1 to 23 employing the positive electrodes in each of which thedynamic hardness of the current collector is 70 or less and the dynamichardness of the mixture layer is 5 or less can suppress short-circuitcaused by entering of a foreign material.

Moreover, Table 1 shows that in the positive electrode subjected to heattreatment after rolling, the gap in the stiffness test is reduced to 3mm or less. Table 1 also shows that the batteries 1 to 23 employing thepositive electrodes for each of which the gap is 3 mm or less cansuppress electrode plate breakage during formation of the electrodegroup.

Examples 1 to 7 are now described in detail based on Table 1.

Example 1

The batteries 1 to 4 of Example 1 employ positive electrodes subjectedto heat treatment with hot air at an identical temperature(specifically, 280° C.) for different heat treatment times (i.e.,battery 1: 20 seconds, battery 2: 120 seconds, battery 3: 180 seconds,and battery 4: 10 seconds).

Table 1 shows that, with an increase in heat treatment time, the tensileextension percentage of the positive electrode increases, the dynamichardness of the current collector decreases, the dynamic hardness of themixture layer decreases, and the gap in the stiffness test decreases inthe batteries 1 to 4. This demonstrates that characteristics of thepositive electrode are affected by the time of heat treatment afterrolling.

Table 1 also shows that, with an increase in heat treatment time, theshort-circuit depth tends to increase and the number of batteriesshowing occurrence of short-circuit in the foreign material enteringtest tends to decrease in the batteries 1 to 4. This demonstrates thatthe batteries 1 to 4 effectively suppress short-circuit caused by crushand short-circuit caused by entering of a foreign material, with anincrease in heat treatment time.

In the batteries 1 to 4, however, the battery capacity tends to decreaseas the heat treatment time increases, as shown in Table 1. Therefore, itis important to define the upper limit of the heat treatment time.

It should be noted that the heat treatment time of the battery 3 is 180seconds, i.e., longer than those of the batteries 1, 2, and 4(specifically, battery 1: 20 seconds, battery 2: 120 seconds, battery 4:10 seconds). In addition, the battery capacity of the battery 3 issmaller than those of the batteries 1, 2, and 4. In the case of thebattery 3, since the heat treatment time after rolling is long asdescribed above, the binder is melted during the heat treatment to coverthe positive electrode active material, resulting in a decrease inbattery capacity.

Accordingly, heat treatment at 280° C. is preferably performed for aheat treatment time less than 180 seconds (preferably, 120 seconds orless).

On the other hand, the heat treatment time of the battery 4 is 10seconds, and is shorter than those of the batteries 1 and 2(specifically, battery 1: 20 seconds, and battery 2: 120 seconds). Inaddition, the short-circuit depth of the battery 4 is smaller than thoseof the batteries 1 and 2, and the short-circuit number of the battery 4is greater than those of the batteries 1 and 2. Since the heat treatmenttime after rolling for the battery 4 is shorter than those for thebatteries 1 and 2 as described above, it is difficult to effectivelysuppress short-circuit caused by crush and short-circuit caused byentering of a foreign material in the case of the battery 4. The battery4, of course, sufficiently suppresses short-circuit caused by crush andshort-circuit caused by entering of a foreign material, as compared tothe batteries 24 and 25.

Example 2

The batteries 5 to 7 of Example 2 employ positive electrodes subjectedto heat treatment with hot air at an identical temperature(specifically, 230° C.) for different heat treatment times (i.e.,battery 5: 15 minutes, battery 6: 1 minute, and battery 7: 240 minutes).

Table 1 shows that, with an increase in heat treatment time, the tensileextension percentage of the positive electrode increases and the gap inthe stiffness test decreases in the batteries 5 to 7. This demonstratesthat characteristics of the positive electrode are affected by heattreatment time after rolling.

Table 1 also shows that, with an increase in heat treatment time, theshort-circuit depth tends to increase and the number of batteriesshowing occurrence of short-circuit in the foreign material enteringtest tends to decrease in the batteries 5 to 7. This demonstrates thatthe batteries 5 to 7 effectively suppresses short-circuit caused bycrush and short-circuit caused by entering of a foreign material, withan increase in heat treatment time.

In the batteries 5 to 7, however, the battery capacity tends to decreaseas the heat treatment time increases, as shown in Table 1. Therefore, itis important to define the upper limit of the heat treatment time.

It should be noted that the heat treatment time of the battery 7 is 240minutes, i.e., longer than those of the batteries 5 and 6 (specifically,battery 5: 15 minutes and battery 6: 1 minute). In addition, the batterycapacity of the battery 7 is lower than those of the batteries 5 and 6.In the case of the battery 7, since the heat treatment time afterrolling is long as described above, the binder is melted during the heattreatment to cover the positive electrode active material, resulting ina decrease in battery capacity.

Accordingly, heat treatment at 230° C. is preferably performed for aheat treatment time less than 240 minutes (preferably, 60 minutes orless).

On the other hand, the heat treatment time of the battery 6 is 1 minute,i.e., shorter than that of the battery 5 (specifically, battery 5: 15minutes). In addition, the short-circuit depth of the battery 6 issmaller than that of the battery 5 and, moreover, the short-circuitnumber of the battery 6 is greater than that of the battery 5. Since theheat treatment time after rolling for the battery 6 is short asdescribed above, it is difficult for the battery 6 to sufficientlysuppress short-circuit caused by crush and short-circuit caused byentering of a foreign material, as compared to the battery 5. Thebattery 6, of course, sufficiently suppresses short-circuit caused bycrush and short-circuit caused by entering of a foreign material, ascompared to the batteries 24 and 25.

Accordingly, heat treatment at 230° C. is preferably performed for aheat treatment time exceeding 1 minute (preferably, 2 minutes or more).

Example 3

The batteries 8 to 10 of Example 3 employ positive electrodes subjectedto heat treatment with hot air at an identical temperature(specifically, 180° C.) for different heat treatment times (i.e.,battery 8: 60 minutes, battery 9: 180 minutes, and battery 10: 1200minutes).

Table 1 shows that, with an increase in heat treatment time, the tensileextension percentage of the positive electrode increases and the gap inthe stiffness test decreases in the batteries 8 to 10. This demonstratesthat characteristics of the positive electrode are affected by the heattreatment time after rolling.

Table 1 also shows that, with an increase in heat treatment time, theshort-circuit depth tends to increase and the number of batteriesshowing occurrence of short-circuit in the foreign material enteringtest tends to decrease in the batteries 8 to 10. This demonstrates thatthe batteries 8 to 10 effectively suppress short-circuit caused by crushand short-circuit caused by entering of a foreign material, with anincrease in heat treatment time.

In the batteries 8 to 10, however, the battery capacity tends todecrease as the heat treatment time increases, as shown in Table 1.Therefore, it is important to define the upper limit of the heattreatment time.

It should be noted that the heat treatment time of the battery 10 is1200 minutes, and is longer than those of the batteries 8 and 9(specifically, battery 8: 60 minutes and battery 9: 180 minutes). Inaddition, the battery capacity of the battery 10 is lower than those ofthe batteries 8 and 9. In the case of the battery 10, since the heattreatment time after rolling is long as described above, the binder ismelted during the heat treatment to cover the positive electrode activematerial, resulting in a decrease in battery capacity.

Accordingly, heat treatment at 180° C. is preferably performed for aheat treatment time less than 1200 minutes (preferably, 600 minutes orless).

Example 4

The batteries 11 to 14 of Example 4 employ positive electrodes subjectedto heat treatment with hot air at 280° C. for 20 seconds, and exhibitdifferent amounts of binders (PVDF) contained in the positiveelectrodes. Specifically, the batteries 11 to 14 employ positiveelectrode material mixture slurry containing binders in differentamounts (specifically, battery 11: 2.5 vol %, battery 12: 3.0 vol %,battery 13: 6.0 vol %, and battery 14: 6.5 vol %) in forming thepositive electrodes.

Table 1 shows that no significant differences in characteristics of thepositive electrode are observed among the batteries 11 to 14. Thisdemonstrates that characteristics of the positive electrode are notgreatly affected by the amount of the binder contained in the positiveelectrode.

In addition, no significant differences are found in the short-circuitdepth, the short-circuit number, and the breakage number among thebatteries 11 to 14. This demonstrates that the batteries 11 to 14suppress short-circuit caused by crush, short-circuit caused by enteringof a foreign material, and electrode plate breakage during formation ofthe electrode group, independently of the amount of the binder containedin the positive electrode.

On the other hand, in Table 1, a significant difference is observed inbattery capacity among the batteries 11 to 14.

Specifically, in the batteries 12 to 14 fabricated using positiveelectrode material mixture slurry containing 3.0 vol % or more of abinder (specifically, battery 12: 3.0 vol %, battery 13: 6.0 vol %, andbattery 14: 6.5 vol %), it was confirmed that the battery capacitydecreases as the amount of the binder contained in the positiveelectrode increases. It was also confirmed that the battery capacity ofthe battery 14 is lower than those of the batteries 12 and 13.

From the above findings, it is estimated that, in the case of usingpositive electrode material mixture slurry containing more than 6 vol %of a binder in forming the positive electrode, a large amount of thebinder is contained in the positive electrode, and thus, a large amountof the binder is melted during heat treatment to be likely to cover thepositive electrode active material, thus causing a decrease in batterycapacity.

Accordingly, the amount of the binder contained in the positiveelectrode material mixture slurry is preferably 6.0 vol % or less.

It was also confirmed that the battery 11 employing positive electrodematerial mixture slurry containing less than 3.0 vol % (i.e., 2.5 vol %)of a binder exhibits a lower battery capacity than those of thebatteries 12 and 13.

From this finding, it is estimated that, in the case of using positiveelectrode material mixture slurry containing less than 3.0 vol % of abinder in forming the positive electrode, a small amount of the binderis contained in the positive electrode, and thus, the positive electrodemixture layer is likely to be peeled off from the positive electrodecurrent collector, thus causing a decrease in battery capacity.

Accordingly, in fabricating the positive electrode, the amount of thebinder (PVDF) contained in the positive electrode material mixtureslurry is preferably in the range from 3.0 vol % to 6.0 vol %, bothinclusive, with respect to 100.0 vol % of the positive electrode activematerial.

Example 5

The batteries 15 to 19 of Example 5 employ positive electrodes subjectedto heat treatment with hot air at 280° C. for 20 seconds, and exhibitdifferent amounts of binders (rubber binders) contained in the positiveelectrodes. Specifically, the batteries 15 to 19 employ positiveelectrode material mixture slurry containing binders in differentamounts (specifically, battery 15: 2.5 vol %, battery 16: 3.0 vol %,battery 17: 4.5 vol %, battery 18: 6.0 vol %, and battery 19: 6.5 vol %)in forming the positive electrodes.

Table 1 shows that no significant differences are observed incharacteristics (except for the dynamic hardness of the mixture layer)of the positive electrode among the batteries 15 to 19, and that thedynamic hardness of the mixture layer decreases as the amount of thebinder (the rubber binder) contained in the positive electrodeincreases. This demonstrates that characteristics (except for thedynamic hardness of the mixture layer) of the positive electrode are notgreatly affected by the amount of the binder contained in the positiveelectrode.

In addition, no significant differences are found in the short-circuitdepth, the short-circuit number, and the breakage number among thebatteries 15 to 19. This demonstrates that the batteries 15 to 19suppress short-circuit caused by crush, short-circuit caused by enteringof a foreign material, and electrode plate breakage during formation ofthe electrode group, independently of the amount of the binder containedin the positive electrode.

On the other hand, in Table 1, a significant difference is observed inbattery capacity among the batteries 15 to 19.

Specifically, in the batteries 16 to 19 fabricated using positiveelectrode material mixture slurry containing 3.0 vol % or more ofbinders (specifically, battery 16: 3.0 vol %, battery 17: 4.5 vol %,battery 18: 6.0 vol %, and battery 19: 6.5 vol %), it was confirmed thatthe battery capacity decreases as the amount of the binder contained inthe positive electrode increases. It was also confirmed that the batterycapacity of the battery 19 is lower than those of the batteries 16 to18.

From the above findings, it is estimated that, in the case of usingpositive electrode material mixture slurry containing more than 6 vol %of a binder during formation of the positive electrode, a large amountof the binder is contained in the positive electrode, and thus, a largeamount of the binder is melted during heat treatment to be likely tocover the positive electrode active material, thus causing a decrease inbattery capacity.

Accordingly, the amount of the binder contained in the positiveelectrode material mixture slurry is preferably 6.0 vol % or less.

It was also confirmed that the battery 15 employing positive electrodematerial mixture slurry containing less than 3.0 vol % (i.e., 2.5 vol %)of the binder exhibits a lower battery capacity than those of thebatteries 16 to 18.

From this finding, it is estimated that, in the case of using positiveelectrode material mixture slurry containing less than 3.0 vol % of abinder during formation of the positive electrode, a small amount of thebinder is contained in the positive electrode, and thus, the positiveelectrode mixture layer is likely to be peeled off from the positiveelectrode current collector, thus causing a decrease in batterycapacity.

Accordingly, in fabricating the positive electrode, the amount of thebinder (rubber binder) contained in the positive electrode materialmixture slurry is preferably in the range from 3.0 vol % to 6.0 vol %,both inclusive, with respect to 100.0 vol % of the positive electrodeactive material.

Comparison between the batteries 11 to 14 of Example 3 and the batteries15 to 19 of Example 4 shows that the short-circuit numbers of thebatteries 15 to 19 are smaller than those of the batteries 11 to 14, asfound in Table 1. This is considered to be because the use of a rubberbinder as the binder in each of the batteries 15 to 19, instead of PVDFin the batteries 11 to 14, makes the dynamic hardness of the mixturelayer lower than that in each of the batteries 11 to 14, and thus, thepositive electrode is more easily deformed according to the shape of aforeign material.

Example 6

The batteries 20 to 22 of Example 6 employ positive electrodes subjectedto heat treatment with hot air at 280° C. for 20 seconds, and exhibitdifferent average particle diameters of the positive electrode activematerials (specifically, battery 20:1 μm, battery 21:5 μm, and battery22: 20 μm).

Table 1 shows that no significant differences are observed incharacteristics of the positive electrode among the batteries 20 to 22.This demonstrates that characteristics of the positive electrode are notgreatly affected by the average particle diameter of the positiveelectrode active material.

In addition, no significant differences are found in the short-circuitdepth, the short-circuit number, and the breakage number among thebatteries 20 to 22. This demonstrates that the batteries 20 to 22suppress short-circuit caused by crush, short-circuit caused by enteringof a foreign material, and electrode plate breakage during formation ofthe electrode group, independently of the average particle diameter ofthe positive electrode active material.

On the other hand, Table 1 shows that the battery capacity decreases asthe average particle diameter of the positive electrode active materialdecreases in the batteries 20 to 22. Table 1 also shows that the batterycapacity of the battery 20 is lower than those of the batteries 21 and22.

From the foregoing findings, it is estimated that, in the case of usinga positive electrode active material having an average particle diameterof 1 μm (i.e., less than 5 μm), the positive electrode active materialis small in size and, therefore, has a small surface area, and thus, abinder melted during heat treatment is more likely to cover the entiresurface of the positive electrode active material to cause a decrease inbattery capacity. When the binder melted during heat treatment does notcover the entire surface of the positive electrode active material, butcovers only a portion of the surface of the positive electrode activematerial, the battery capacity does not decrease.

In the case of using a positive electrode active material having anaverage particle diameter exceeding 20 μm, the positive electrode activematerial is large, resulting in that coating streak occurs duringcoating the positive electrode current collector with the positiveelectrode material mixture slurry.

Accordingly, the average particle diameter of the positive electrodeactive material is preferably in the range from 5 μm to 20 μm, bothinclusive.

Example 7

The battery 23 of Example 7 employs a positive electrode subjected toheat treatment with a heated roll, instead of heat treatment with hotair.

Table 1 shows that the tensile extension percentage of the positiveelectrode is 3% or more, the dynamic hardness of the current collectoris 70 or less, the dynamic hardness of the mixture layer is 5 or less,and the gap in the stiffness test is 3 mm or less in the battery 23. Inthis manner, the positive electrode subjected to heat treatment with aheated roll exhibits similar characteristics to those of the positiveelectrodes subjected to heat treatment with hot air.

From the above finding, it is confirmed that the battery 23 suppressesshort-circuit caused by crush, short-circuit caused by entering of aforeign material, and electrode plate breakage during formation of theelectrode group without a decrease in battery capacity, as shown inTable 1.

In the battery 23, although the time of contact with the heated roll(i.e., the heat treatment time with the heated roll) is shorter (e.g., 2seconds) than that of the heat treatment time with hot air, similarcharacteristics to those of the positive electrodes subjected to heattreatment with hot air are exhibited.

From the above fact, heat treatment with a heated roll allows reductionof the heat treatment time, as compared to heat treatment with hot air.

Accordingly, the heat treatment employing a heated roll at 280° C.provides sufficient advantages even if the heat treatment time (i.e.,the time of contact with the heated roll) is 10 seconds or less.

It is noted that the battery 25 of Comparative Example employs a rubberbinder as the binder, and thus shows a lower dynamic hardness of themixture layer than that of the battery 24 employing PVDF as the binder,resulting in that the short-circuit number and the breakage number aresmaller than those of the battery 24.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

As described above, the present invention may be useful for devices suchas household power supplies with, for example, higher energy density,power supplies to be installed in vehicles, and power supplies for largetools.

1. A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, comprising: a positiveelectrode including a positive electrode current collector and apositive electrode mixture layer containing a positive electrode activematerial and a binder, the positive electrode mixture layer beingprovided on the positive electrode current collector; a negativeelectrode; a porous insulating layer interposed between the positiveelectrode and the negative electrode; and a nonaqueous electrolyte,wherein the positive electrode has a tensile extension percentage ofequal to or higher than 3.0%.
 2. The nonaqueous electrolyte secondarybattery of claim 1, wherein the negative electrode has a tensileextension percentage of equal to or higher than 3.0%, and the porousinsulating layer has a tensile extension percentage of equal to orhigher than 3.0%.
 3. The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery ofclaim 1, wherein the tensile extension percentage of the positiveelectrode is calculated from a length of a sample positive electrodeformed out of the positive electrode and having a width of 15 mm and alength of 20 mm immediately before the sample positive electrode isbroken with one end of the sample positive electrode fixed and the otherend of the sample positive electrode extended along a longitudinaldirection thereof at a speed of 20 mm/min, and from a length of thesample positive electrode before the sample positive electrode isextended.
 4. The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of claim 1,wherein the positive electrode current collector has a dynamic hardnessof equal to or less than 70, and the positive electrode mixture layerhas a dynamic hardness of equal to or less than
 5. 5. The nonaqueouselectrolyte secondary battery of claim 1, wherein measurement of stresson a sample positive electrode whose circumferential surface is beingpressed at a given speed shows that no inflection point of stress arisesuntil a gap corresponding to the sample positive electrode crushed bythe pressing reaches 3 mm, inclusive, and the sample positive electrodeis formed out of the positive electrode, has a circumference of 100 mm,and is rolled up in the shape of a single complete circle.
 6. Thenonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of claim 5, wherein the givenspeed is 10 mm/min.
 7. The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery ofclaim 1, wherein the positive electrode current collector is made ofaluminium containing iron.
 8. The nonaqueous electrolyte secondarybattery of claim 7, wherein an amount of iron contained in the positiveelectrode current collector is in the range from 1.20 wt % to 1.70 wt %,both inclusive.
 9. The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of claim1, wherein the binder is one of poly vinylidene fluoride and aderivative of poly vinylidene fluoride.
 10. The nonaqueous electrolytesecondary battery of claim 1, wherein the binder is a rubber-basedbinder.
 11. The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of claim 1,wherein an amount of the binder contained in the positive electrodemixture layer is in the range from 3.0 vol % to 6.0 vol %, bothinclusive, with respect to 100.0 vol % of the positive electrode activematerial.
 12. The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of claim 1,wherein the positive electrode active material has an average particlediameter in the range from 5 μm to 20 μm, both inclusive.
 13. A methodfor fabricating a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery including: apositive electrode including a positive electrode current collector anda positive electrode mixture layer containing a positive electrodeactive material and a binder, the positive electrode mixture layer beingprovided on the positive electrode current collector; a negativeelectrode; a porous insulating layer interposed between the positiveelectrode and the negative electrode; and a nonaqueous electrolyte, themethod comprising the steps of: (a) preparing the positive electrode;(b) preparing the negative electrode; (c) either winding or stacking thepositive electrode and the negative electrode with the porous insulatinglayer interposed therebetween, after steps (a) and (b), wherein step (a)includes the steps of: (a1) coating the positive electrode currentcollector with positive electrode material mixture slurry containing thepositive electrode active material and the binder, and drying theslurry; (a2) rolling the positive electrode current collector coatedwith the dried positive electrode material mixture slurry, therebyforming the positive electrode having a given thickness; and (a3)performing heat treatment on the positive electrode at a giventemperature, after step (a2).
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein thepositive electrode current collector is made of aluminium containingiron.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein an amount of iron contained inthe positive electrode current collector is in the range from 1.20 wt %to 1.70 wt %, both inclusive.
 16. The method of claim 13, wherein thegiven temperature is higher than a softening temperature of the positiveelectrode current collector.
 17. The method of claim 13, wherein thegiven temperature is lower than a decomposition temperature of thebinder.
 18. The method of claim 13, wherein an amount of the bindercontained in the positive electrode material mixture slurry is in therange from 3.0 vol % to 6.0 vol %, both inclusive, with respect to 100.0vol % of the positive electrode active material.
 19. The method of claim13, wherein in step (a3), the heat treatment is performed on thepositive electrode at the given temperature with hot air subjected tolow humidity treatment.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein in step(a3), the given temperature is in the range from 250° C. to 350° C.,both inclusive, and the heat treatment is performed in a period of timeranging from 10 seconds to 120 seconds, both inclusive.
 21. The methodof claim 19, wherein in step (a3), the given temperature is in the rangefrom 220° C. to 250° C., both inclusive, and the heat treatment isperformed in a period of time ranging from 2 minutes to 60 minutes, bothinclusive.
 22. The method of claim 19, wherein in step (a3), the giventemperature is in the range from 160° C. to 220° C., both inclusive, andthe heat treatment is performed in a period of time ranging from 60minutes to 600 minutes, both inclusive.
 23. The method of claim 13,wherein in step (a3), the heat treatment is performed on the positiveelectrode by bringing a heated roll heated at the given temperature intocontact with the positive electrode.
 24. The method of claim 23, whereinin step (a3), the given temperature is 280° C., and the heat treatmentis performed in a period of time equal to or less than 10 seconds.